1. The first step in - How DNA makes you
DNA to RNA
The first step in - How DNA makes you

2. How to Bake Grandma’s Cookies (Another Food Analogy to Help You Learn Biology)

3. 1. Copy the recipe from Grandma’s family secret recipe file.
Location of recipe - Grandma’s house
Product - Written instructions to make the best cookies in Quakertown, PA

4. Grandma lives in a retirement home, so she doesn’t cook.
You will have to copy Grandma’s recipe in order to leave Grandma’s & go to your kitchen where you will find the ingredients and utensils to make the cookies.

5. 2. Read and follow instructions
Add:
correct ingredients
correct amounts
correct order
bake for required time
Product: Best cookies in town!

6. How is this analogous to biology?
How does the information (recipe) produce the cookies (product)?
How does the information in genes (sections of DNA) produce the proteins (products) that make our traits?
What are the “products” that cause you to look and function as you?

7. Review: Proteins Polymers of amino acids (monomers)
The Order of Amino Acids determines the 3D shape of a protein
Structure (3-D) determines function
7 categories:
Structure
Movement
Storage
Defense
Transport
Signaling
Enzymes
order of amino acids determines 3-D shape
Structural (hair, cytoskeleton)
Movement (muscle)
Storage (Storage proteins in seeds, milk, egg whites)
Defense (antibodies, membrane proteins)
Transport (hemoglobin, membrane proteins)
Signaling (hormones, membrane proteins)
Enzymes (catalysts for biochemical reactions)

8. DNA contains the “recipe” for every protein in your body
Information is copied in the nucleus
Copy leaves nucleus  cytoplasm
Information used to assemble proteins
Trait: freckles, bent pinky, floppy earlobes, curly hair

9. The Big Picture: 2 steps in protein synthesis
1. Transcription information from gene is copied
2. Translation Information is used to assemble amino acids into proteins
 Physical Traits are determined by those proteins

10. DNA – Original Text of Information
mRNA - Working copy of instructions

11. Three types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Copies information from DNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transports correct amino acids to build protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Helps form ribosomes: the workbench where proteins are assembled

12. Transcription: Why
Information from a single gene is copied to make protein
Need to protect DNA in nucleus

13. Transcription: What
Information from a gene is copied to produce each protein.
DNA  mRNA Protein

14. Transcription: Where
Nucleus of cell

15. Transcription: How

16. Stop! Check Your Understanding
Complete the DNA RNA chart

17. Initiation -
Begin at Promoter region
Elongation –
RNA polymerase adds nucleotides through the coding region
Termination – Ends at the termination sequence. mRNA is now complete

18. RNA polymerase
DNA
DNA
mRNA

19. Transcription details
Initiation: Promoter identifies region to be transcribed
Elongation - Coding region has information for mRNA
RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to mRNA
Termination - ends transcript
mRNA is “edited” before leaving nucleus

20. Transcription: How
Transcription Complete

21. Transcription: What’s Next?
The product is an mRNA copy of DNA information to make protein
After transcription is complete:
DNA – forms Hydrogen bonds and reforms double helix
mRNA is edited (remove introns, exons are to be expressed)
mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters cytoplasm for translation

22. Watch transcription in action (DNAi)
click “copying the code”
click putting it together
click Transcription
After viewing this WAY COOL movie, click interactive and make your own RNA.
Transcribe a gene (DNAi)

23. Please summarize the process of transcription in your own words
RNA polymerase transcribes a gene from DNA by adding RNA nucleotides until it reaches a termination sequence. The mRNA is edited to remove introns before leaving through a nuclear pore so that translation can happen in the cytoplasm.