1. QED Cooling of Electronics Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9 th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA 1

2. Today, automobile engines are cooled by radiators based on pool-boiling that began with the Industrial Revolution. Recently, heat transfer experiments show water against porous 50 – 150 nm ZnO 2 coatings are 10X more efficient because porosity increases surface area. However, the notion porosity increases heat transfer surface area is one of classical physics that assumes temperature changes always occur irrespective of coating thickness, but QM requires the heat capacity of the atom to vanish in nanoscale coatings thereby precluding increases in temperature QM = quantum mechanics [1] L. O. Chua, “Memristor - the missing circuit element,” IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, vol. 18, pp. 507–519, 1971. Introduction 2 IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA

3. QM Restrictions IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA Without heat capacity, conservation proceeds by the creation of QED induced non-thermal EM radiation. QED = quantum electrodynamics EM = electromagnetic. Pool boiling not required as QED radiation is emitted from the ZnO 2 coating and directly absorbed in the water. Water not necessary as QED radiation may also be absorbed in ambient air to enhance cooling of both nano and conventional electronics, e.g., Printed electronics 3

4. QED Radiation IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA 4 QED radiation Nano Coating avoids natural convection and conserves Joule heat by QED radiation instead of temperature increase Joule heat Printed Electronics Coating Natural convection

5. IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA Theory Heat Capacity of the Atom TIR Confinement QED Induced Heat Transfer 5

6. Heat Capacity of the Atom 6 NEMS IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA In MEMS, atoms have heat capacity, but not in NEMS MEMS kT 0.0258 eV Classical Physics QM

7. Since the RI of coating > electronics, the QED radiation is confined by TIR Circuit elements ( films, wires, etc) have high surface to volume ratio, but why important? The EM energy absorbed in the surface of circuit elements provides the TIR confinement of QED radiation. QED radiation is spontaneously created from Joule heat dissipated in nanoelectronics. f = (c/n) / and E = hf TIR Confinement 7 IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA For thin film printed circuits having thickness d, = 2d For NEMS, QED radiation gives no hot spots, but 1/f Noise

8. QED Emission IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA 8 QED radiation emission in VIS and UV radiation

9. Applications IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA Thin Films QED v. Natural Convection Optimum Circuit Design 9

10. Thin Films IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA The reduced thermal conductivity of thin films has been known for over 50 years. Today, the BTE derives the steady state thickness dependent conductivity of thin films. BTE = Boltzmann transport equation. But the BTE solutions show reduced conductivity only because QED radiation loss is not included in heat balance. If the QED loss is included, no reduction in conductivity The conductivity remains at bulk. 10

11. QED v. Natural Convection IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA 11

12. Optimum Electronics Design IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA Optimum Design 0.05 < d < 20 microns Fourier equation and BTE invalid  Use QED heat transfer 12 Optimum No 1/f Noise No Hot Spots 1/f Noise No Hot Spots NEMS Silicon E > 3 eV Charged atoms

13. By QM, significant enhancement in pool-boiling heat transfer found by coating with 50-150 nm zinc oxide is not caused by the porosity of the coating, but rather by QED radiation Optimum NEMS/MEMS electronics circuit element occurs with 0.05 to 20 micron thick printed circuits. No hot spots or 1/f noise Design printed circuits using QED QED supersedes natural convection, but requires nanoscale coatings on heat transfer surfaces Conclusions 13 IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA

14. Questions & Papers Email: nanoqed@gmail.com http://www.nanoqed.org 14 IEEE NEMS 2014 – 9th Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Systems, April 13 - 16, Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, USA