1. Nanoscale Heat Transfer by Quantum Mechanics Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 1

2. Over the past century, Fourier’s transient heat conduction equation including the heat capacity by Lavoisier and Laplace have served well in our understanding of heat transfer in macroscopic systems. Modern day heat transfer at the nanoscale based on classical physics assumes phonons are the heat carriers in solids based on theories formulated by Einstein and Debye at the time systems were macroscopic. Introduction 2 ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012

3. Problems Today, classical heat transfer by Fourier’s equation routinely applied to the nanoscale has led to unphysical results Nanofluids violate mixing rules Thin film thermal conductivity depends on thickness Charge in memristors is caused by oxygen vacancies Melting of GST films occurs in PCRAM devices Claims of high efficiency in near-field heat transfer Conductivity measured by thermoreflectance Discrete molecular dynamics simulations Expanding Universe ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 3

4. Background ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Unphysical observations at the nanoscale may be traced back to classical physics that assumes atoms always have heat capacity to conserve absorbed EM energy by an increase in temperature. QM avoids the unphysical by negating the heat capacity of the atom at the nanoscale that requires QED to conserve absorbed EM energy at the TIR resonance by the creation of: Non-Thermal Radiation  Charge or EM Emission QM = Quantum Mechanics EM = Electromagnetic QED = Quantum Electrodynamics TIR = Total Internal Reflection 4

5. Outline Theory Heat capacity of the atom by classical physics and QM Conservation of EM Energy TIR Confinement of QED Photons QED Induced Heat Transfer Applications Nanoelectronics (Memristors – Ovshinsky Effect - 1/f Noise) Near-field Heat Transfer Thermoreflectance Molecular Dynamics Expanding Universe ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 5

6. Theory ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 6

7. Nanoscale Heat Transfer By QM, heat capacity vanishes No Temperature change EM Radiation or Charge Molecular Collisions Nanofluids Light Laser/Supernovae Photons NPs by Rubbing Tribochemistry Static electricity Joule Heat Thin Films Memristors Ovshinsky Effect 1/f Noise 7 ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Nanostructure

8. Comparison of Heat Capacity 8 Nanoscale kT 0.0258 eV Classical Physics QM ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Big difference between QM and classical physics at the nanoscale

9. ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Conservation of EM Energy How does conservation of absorbed EM energy proceed at the nanoscale without an increase in temperature? Propose: Absorbed EM energy is conserved by creating QED radiation inside the nanostructure - by frequency up or down - conversion to the TIR resonance of the nanostructure. Up-conversion produces high energy QED radiation in nanofluids, thin films, and memristors, etc. But down-conversion also occurs, e.g., redshift of galaxy light in dust NPs in the 2011 Nobel in physics on an expanding Universe 9

10. The magic of NPs thought caused by dangling bonds? Propose: Magic is caused by the high surface to volume ratio of NPs that confines absorbed EM energy to NP surface (molecular collisions, Joule heat, lasers, etc.) Since QED radiation has a spherical TIR wave function that coincides with the NP surface, the magic of NPs is the creation of high energy QED induced EM radiation TIR Confinement f = (c/n)/ = 2d E = hf TIR Confinement 10 ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012

11. QED Induced Heat Transfer 11 Nanoscale heat balance Q abs – Q QED = Q cond Excluding Q QED leads to unphysical results, e.g., in thin films, K < Bulk. But if included in heat balance, K = Bulk Why Q QED > 0 not noticed? Need to measure UV and charge Conservation is very rapid QED radiation conserves at speed of light Phonons just too slow No conduction by phonons at nanoscale Reduced conductivity in thin films by scattering of phonons has no meaning Q abs Excitons QED Radiation Phonons Q cond Charge QED Radiation

12. Applications ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 12

13. ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 d t t + - D I d 13 Nanoelectronics* In 2008, Hewlett-Packard (HP) built a memristor with a thin film of TiO2 between Pt electrodes HP claimed oxygen vacancies provide positive charge holes that change the resistance during the memristor cycle. Problem: Memristor behavior is observed without oxygen vacancies, e.g., in Si nanowires *International Conf. on Micro, Optical, and Nano Electronics ICMON 2011- Venice, November 28-30, 2011 + - Excitons QED Radiation Joule Heat Charge I In nanoelectronics, charge is created instead of increase in temperature

14. ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Propose: QED photons create space charge of excitons comprised of holes H and electrons E. For holes, 14

15. Ovshinsky Effect ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 14 1/f Noise is the Fourier Transform of step change in power by charge created as current flows in wire Melting from crystalline to amorphous state is thought to produce resistance change in PCRAM devices. By QM, charge is created instead of temperature increase. 1/f Noise - Nanowires In nanoelectronics, 1/f Noise is caused by charge created by QM

16. Near-Field Heat Transfer* ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Maxwell’s equations provide solutions of EM fields, but in radiative heat transfer the FDT must be satisfied FDT = Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem THTH TCTC Standing QED Photon kT = 0 d 15 The Maxwell solution for evanescent waves is,  ( , T) = Frequency form of Einstein-Hopf FDT not explicitly included

17. ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Planck’s BB radiation remains valid because QED creates standing wave photons that transfer radiation across the nanoscale gap High efficiency in near-field heat transfer by evanescent waves most likely is unphysical 16 Problems: Atoms in gap surfaces under EM confinement have no heat capacity No temperature fluctuations FDT not satisfied in nanoscale gaps

18. Thermoreflectance* ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Problem: By QM, C  0 for thin films Thermal conductivity by TR most likely unphysical 17 * C. A. Paddock, et al., “Transient Thermoreflectance from Thin Metal Films,” J, Appl. Phys. 60 (1986) 285. where, T = temperature, C = heat capacity, K = thermal conductivity Thermoreflectance (TR) measurements are given by Fourier’s equation through the film thickness,

19. MD is based on statistical mechanics Atoms always have heat capacity – No size effect Valid for MD with Periodic Boundary Conditions (PBC) Problem: In discrete nanostructures, QM requires atoms have zero heat capacity MD of discrete nanostructures that assumes atoms have heat capacity is unphysical Molecular Dynamics ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 18

20. Akimov, et al. “Molecular Dynamics of Surface- Moving Thermally Driven Nanocars,” J. Chem. Theory Comput. 4, 652 (2008). Sarkar et al., “Molecular dynamics simulation of effective thermal conductivity and study of enhance thermal transport in nanofluids,” J. Appl. Phys, 102, 074302 (2007). 19 ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 MD for Discrete  kT = 0, But MD assumes kT > 0 Car distorts but does not move Discrete MD solutions are unphysical Instead, QED radiation is produced that by Einstein’s photoelectric effect charges the cars that move by electrostatic interaction with each other. MD for kT > 0 is valid for PBC because atoms in macroscopic nanofluid have kT > 0

21. ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Expanding Universe In 1929, Hubble measured the redshift of galaxy light that by the Doppler Effect showed the Universe is expanding. Cosmic dust of submicron NPs permeate space and redshift galaxy light without Universe expansion 20

22. ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 21 Redshift without Universe expansion Problem: Based on classical physics, astronomers have made the assumption that absorbed galaxy photons increase the temperature of dust NPs

23. ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012 Referring to his calculation showing acccelerated Universe expansion, Reiss is quoted as saying: "I remember thinking, I've made a terrible mistake and I have to find this mistake" Others said: “[Riess] did a lot after the initial result to show that there was no sneaky effect due to dust absorption“ Reiss did make a mistake Absorption of galaxy photons in dust NPs is not conserved by an increase in temperature, but by redshift. Universe expansion is most likely unphysical 22 Astronomers Schmidt, Pearlmutter, and Reiss got the 2011 Nobel in Physics for an accelerated expanding Universe

24. Questions & Papers Email: nanoqed@gmail.com http://www.nanoqed.org 23 ASME: 3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer Inter. Conf., Atlanta, March 3-6, 2012