1. Muscular tissue Connective tissue

2. Muscle Tissue Muscle cells/fibers – Elongated –Contain many myofilaments: Actin & Myosin FUNCTION –Movement –Maintenance of posture –Joint Stabilization –Heat Generation Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

3. Skeletal Muscle Tissue (each skeletal muscle is an organ) Cells –Long and cylindrical, in bundles –Multinucleate –Obvious Striations Skeletal Muscles-Voluntary Connective Tissue Components: – Endomysium-surrounds fibers – Perimysium-surrounds bundles –Epimysium-surrounds the muscle Attached to bones, fascia, skin Origin & Insertion academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/.../muscular.htm

4. Cardiac Muscle Cells –Branching, chains of cells –Single or Binucleated –Striations –Connected by Intercalated discs Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary Myocardium-heart muscle –Pumps blood through vessels Connective Tissue Component –Endomysium: surrounding cells www.answers.com

5. Smooth Muscle Tissue Cells Single cells, uninucleate No striations Smooth Muscle-Involuntary 2 layers-opposite orientation (peristalsis) Found in hollow organs, blood vessels Connective Tissue Component Endomysium: surrounds cells

6. Nervous Tissue Neurons: specialized nerve cells conduct impulses –Cell body, dendrite, axon Characterized by: –No mitosis (cell replication) –Longevity –High metabolic rate www.morphonix.com

7. Nervous Tissue: control Support cells (= Neuroglial): nourishment, insulation, protection –Satellite cells-surround cell bodies within ganglia –Schwann cells-surround axons (PNS) –Microglia-phagocytes –Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths around axons –Ependymal cells-line brain/spinal cord, ciliated, help circulate CSF Brain, spinal cord, nerves

8. Muscle Tissue

9. Figure 4.1

10. 10 The groups, layers of bodily muscles

11. Aponeuroses of abdominal muscles 21. External Obliques 22. Rectus Abdominus 23. Sheath of the straight muscle of the abdomen 31. Sartorius 32. Rectus Femoris 33. Pectineus 35. Adductor Longus Psoas Major

12. Musculoskeletal System Skeleton –Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints and transmit force through the skin to the environment. –The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Skeletal Musculature –A system of muscles enables the skeleton to move. –Origin = proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment –Insertion = distal (away from the center of the body) attach-ment

13. Muscle Tissue

15. Cells are multinucleate Striated voluntary muscle Divides via satellite cells Skeletal muscle

16. Cardiocytes occur only in the heart Striated involuntary muscle Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction Cardiac muscle

17. Non-striated involuntary muscle Can divide and regenerate Smooth muscle tissue

18. Conducts electrical impulses Conveys information from one area to another Neural tissue

19. Neurons –Transmit information Neuroglia –Support neural tissue –Help supply nutrients to neurons Neural tissue cells

20. Neural Tissue

21. Cell body Dendrites Axon (nerve fiber) –Carries information to other neurons Neural anatomy

22. The lobes of the cortex Parietal –Sensing Primary sensory cortex

23. Homunculus

24. Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regeneration Tissue Injuries and Aging Inflammation and regeneration

25. Isolates injured area Damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous microorganisms removed –Infection avoided Regeneration restores normal function Tissue Injuries and Aging Inflammatory response

26. An Introduction to Inflammation

27. Change with age Repair and maintenance less efficient Structure altered Chemical composition altered Aging and tissue repair

28. Aging and cancer incidence Incidence of cancer increases with age 70-80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental factors

29. Changes in a Tissue under Stress

30. You should now be familiar with: The four major tissue types and their functions. The relationship between form and function for each tissue type. The types and functions of epithelial tissues. The structure and function of connective tissues. The structure and function of the four types of membrane. The three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each. The basic structure and role of neural tissue.