1. http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Equations.html

2.  Chemical Reactions are associated with chemical change.  Whenever a chemical change occurs chemical reaction is said to take place.  Chemical reactions are usually irreversible and a new product is formed.

3. Signs of Chemical Reactions There are five main signs that indicate a chemical reaction has taken place: change in color Evolution of a gas Change in temperatureChange in state

4.  A WORD EQUATION describes chemical change using the names of the reactants and products. Write the word equation for the reaction of methane gas with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water. methane + oxygen Reactant Product CH 4 O2O2 CO 2 H2OH2O + + 2 2 carbon dioxide + water

5.  The simplest form of description of a chemical reaction in a shorter form is by writing it in the form of an equation. E.g.- Mg + O 2 MgO  The reactants are written on the left side and product is written on the right side.  An arrow is placed between them to show the direction of reaction.

6.  The equation must represent known facts.  The equation must contain the correct formulas for the reactants and products.  The law of conservation of mass must be satisfied.

7. Showing Phases in Chemical Equations Solid Phase – the substance is relatively rigid and has a definite volume and shape. NaCl(s) Liquid Phase – the substance has a definite volume, but is able to change shape by flowing. H 2 O(l) Gaseous Phase – the substance has no definite volume or shape, and it shows little response to gravity. Cl 2 (g) H 2 O(s) H 2 O(l) H 2 O(g)

8. According to the law of conservation of mass, total mass must be equal on the both sides of the equation. This type of equation is known as a balanced chemical reaction. E.g.- 2 Mg + O 2 2MgO Here both sides have two atoms of Magnesium and two atoms of Oxygen.

9. Cl H H H HH H H H 2 + Cl 2  HCl H 2 + Cl 2  2 HCl reactants products H Cl reactants products H Cl 2 2 22 2 2 1 1 (unbalanced) (balanced) Unbalanced and Balanced Equations

10. Reactants Products 1 C atom 1 C atom 4 H atoms 4 H atoms 4 O atoms 4 O atoms

11. ? Visualizing a Chemical Reaction Na + Cl 2 NaCl ___ mole Cl 2 ___ mole NaCl___ mole Na 2 105 2 5

12. 1. Combination reaction 2. Decomposition reaction 3. Single-displacement reaction 4. Double-displacement reaction A + B  AB AB  A + B A + BC  AC + B AB + CD  AD + CB 5. Redox reaction

13.  These type of reactions occur when two reactants combine to form one or more products. E.g. – 1. CaO + H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 2. C + O 2 CO 2  They are generally exothermic reactions which involve evolution of heat during reaction.

14. Combination Reaction General form: A + B  AB element orelement or compoundcompound Na Cl Na Cl 2 Na + Cl 2  2 NaCl  Cl Na Cl

15. Decomposition Reaction The types of reaction in which a single reactant breaks down to give simpler products are called decomposition reaction. E.g.- When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating, it is known as thermal decomposition. 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O2O2

16. H H H H Decomposition Reaction H H H H O Decomposition reaction 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 O2O2 General form: ABAB + + + compoundtwo or more elements or compounds OO O

17. H 2 O H 2 + O 2 electricity H 2 O 2 H 2 O + O 2 NI 3 N 2 + I 2 2 2 Hydrogen Peroxide Electrolysis of water 22 Nitrogen triiodide AB A + B General Form 2 3

18. The reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its solution is known as displacement reaction. They are of two types:- 1.Single Displacement Reaction 2.Double Displacement Reaction

19. Double-replacement reaction CaCO 3 + 2 HCl  CaCl 2 + H 2 CO 3 General form: AB + CD  AD + CB Single-replacement reaction Mg + CuSO 4  MgSO 4 + Cu General form: A + BC  AC + B

20. PbI 2 K 1+ Pb 2+ lead (II) chloride + potassium iodide Cl 2 I Pb 2+ Pb K 1+ K Cl 1- I 1- Cl 1- I 1- KCl potassium chloride lead (II) iodide + (aq) (ppt) + +

21. Double Displacement Reaction K 2 CO 3 (aq) Potassium carbonate BaCl 2 (aq) Barium chloride 2 KCl (aq) Potassium chloride BaCO 3 (s) Barium carbonate ++

22. Ca Foiled again – Aluminum loses to Calcium Element Reactivity

23. If a substance gains oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be oxidised. If a substance loses oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be reduced. Reactions in which this type of change occurs is known as Oxidation and Reduction reactions or Redox reactions. E.g. – CuO + H 2 Cu +H 2 O