1. Day 3 overview Overview of research paradigms Eagle and Condor Deduction and Induction Modernism and Post-Modernism Deconstruction Where we sit

2. Nga iwi e! Nga iwi e! Kia kotahi ra te Mo-a-na-"nwi"-kiwa e-i-a-i-e ----------- Kia mau ra! Kia mau ra! ki te mana motuhake me te aroha e-i-a-i-e ----------- Wahine ma! Wahine ma! Ma-ra-nga mai, Ma-ra-nga mai, kia kaha e-i-a-i-e ----------- Ta ne ma! Ta ne ma! Whakarongo tautoko kia kaha e-i-a-i-e ----------- Nga iwi e! Nga iwi e! Kia kotahi mai te Moana-"nwi"-kiwa e i-a i-e ----------- e i-a i-e ----------- All you people! All you people! Be united as one, like the Pacific Ocean. (Cries of joy!) "air-ee-ah-ee-air" Hold on firmly! Hold on firmly to your inheritance, and to compassion. e-i-a-i-e ----------- All you young women! All you young women rise up, rise up, be strong e-i-a-i-e ----------- All you young men! All you young men! Listen, support, be strong e-i-a-i-e ----------- All you people! All you people! Be united as one, like the Pacific Ocean. e-i-a-i-e ----------- Nga Iwi E

5. 500 years ago the European colonisation of the Americas and the rest of the world begins - the first stirrings of Modernism and powerful research methods that were to shake the foundations of the natural world

6. Descarte 1596-1650 If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.

7. The Cartesian Split Consiousness: I can’t doubt that I doubt “cogito ergo sum” (“I think therefore I am”). The inner reality. Perfection I can conceive of the “perfect entity”, therefore there must be one (God) A just God There must an “outer reality”, which is stable, measurable and has mathematical properties. God wouldn’t play tricks on us Dualism Therefore there is an inner and an outer reality operating under different rules

8. The connection between mind and body

10. Auguste Comte (1798- 1857) – Sociology & Positivism

11. Positivism Metaphysical (nature of reality) assumptions Nature is orderly and regular (measurable); We can know nature. (Some theorists suggest that there exists a limit to such knowledge. Up to now, such a limit has not been defined.) All natural phenomena have natural causes (Determinism). Nothing is self-evident (e.g. the assertion that “2/3” or “√2” is not a rational number – a number that can be written - has to be proved.)

12. What happens when you divide 3 into 1? = 0.333333333333333 for ever you can never write all of it down, but can you prove it? 3 into 1 = 0 with 1 left over0 3 into 10 = 3 with 1 left over0.3 3 into 10 = 3 with 1 left over0.33 3 into 10 = 3 with 1 left over0.333 There’s always 1 left over.

13. The square root of 2= 1.4142135623731 ….. Firstly, assume sqrt(2) is rational, i.e can be represented as the irreducible fraction m/n where m and n are integers. We have sqrt(2)=m/n. Squaring, and multiplying both sides by n 2, we get m 2 = 2*n 2. This tells us that m 2 is even. Now the only way to get an even square is to have its root also even, because even*even=even and odd*odd=odd. So m must also be even. This means that we can write m = 2*k where k is another integer. So now we can rewrite m 2 = 2*n 2 as (2*k) 2 = 2*n 2 = 4 * k 2. Halving both sides of this, we get n 2 = 2 * k 2. This tells us that n 2 is even. So n must also be even by the same reasoning as given above. So we can write n = 2 * j. So if m is even and n is even, then m/n is not an irreducible fraction. And this argumentation can go on for ever. So the assumption that sqrt(2) is rational must be wrong, thus sqrt(2) is irrational. Q.E.D.

14. Positivism Epistemological (nature of knowledge) assumptions Knowledge should only be derived from experience. (Empiricism) The meaning of a proposition consists in how it is verified by experience. (Verifiability). The application of logical analysis will reach the goal of unified science. (Logicism). Sciences should all be unified syntactically and semantically.

15. Deduction starts with things that we know about the world and builds theories from these facts that we can test by observation Deductive Logic in Quantitative Research Propositions or ‘facts”: All Granny Smiths are apples All apples have pips Logical Reasoning Construct or theory All Granny Smiths have pips Empirical Investigation Observations Test 100 randomly selected Granny Smiths for pips

16. Deduction the third statement is necessarily true if the rules of logic hold and the first two statements are true All social creatures are primates All humans are social creatures All humans are primates All primates are social creatures All humans are social creatures All humans are primates If I have appendicitis, I am very sick I am very sick I have appendicitis Social Workers are hard working people Lazy people have unsatisfying lives Social Workers have satisfying lives

17. Actual and Estimated production of oil and gas – Peak Oil 1. we have X thousand units of oil and gas left in the ground 2. we are using X/10 thousand of units of oil and gas each year 3. we will run out of oil and gas in 10 years

18. Inductive Logic in Qualitative Research Concept or Theory GrannySmiths are a type of apple Logical Reasoning Narrative aligning the stories Granny Smiths have a strong resemblance to apples except that they don’t go red or yellow, they stay green Empirical Analyses Observations: Granny Smiths have pips, are crisp, sweet, and green on the outside Induction is about the process of theory creation. We observe and describe things in the natural world. We look for alignments and create theories about those alignments

19. Induction the third statement is probably true if the rules of logic hold and the first two statements are true I take 20 marbles from a bag They are all black All the marbles in the bag are black UFOs leave giant craters where they land There are giant crater imprints in Oregon UFOs have landed in Oregon Lithium causes vomiting in monkeys Monkeys and humans are primates Lithium will cause vomiting in humans Socrates was a great man Socrates had a mother All great men have mothers

20. Annual growth rate = 3.75% - growth doubles every 19 years 3. The Gross World Product will continue to grow at the same rate, meaning that it will be 32 times larger in 2108. 1.Every year the Gross World Product increases by about 3.75%, doubling every 18.7 years 2. This increase has occurred consistently for over 57 years

21. Side view Front view Top view

22. John Coleman Look for an example of apparent deductive logic – starting from propositions and going to observation. Look for an example of apparent induction – starting from “observations” and creating a proposition or theory. Focus on the bold areas

23. Deduction and induction P1: These scientists know that if they do research that sounds alarms, they will become well known and respected and receive scholarly awards and, very importantly, more research dollars will come flooding their way. P2: They are environmentalists above all else Observation: So when these researchers did climate change studies in the late 90's they were eager to produce findings that would be important and be widely noticed and trigger more research funding and at the same time drive their environmental agendas. O1: Our universities have become somewhat isolated from the rest of us. O2: I know this group well. My father and my older brother were both PHD- University types. I was raised in the university culture. Any person who spends a decade at a university obtaining a PHD in Meteorology and becomes a research scientist, more likely than not, becomes a part of that single minded culture. Proposition: They all look askance at the rest of us, certain of their superiority.

24. Modernism Positivism, empiricism - a stable singular observable reality Strong faith in science and that behaviour is reducible to physics and chemistry Technological solutions to problems, industrialisation, victory over nature Destruction of religious/cultural/class dogma /power Humanistic moral force Research as defined, structured, quantifiable process – surveys, experiments, observations

25. Georges Seurat 1885 -pointillism

26. atomisation

27. A.M. Cassandre French, 1901 - 1968 Nord Express (North Express), 1927 Nord Express (North Express) Celebration of technology

28. Arthur Charles Radebaugh American, 1906 - 1974 Bendix Products, 1937 Bendix Products An advertisement showing a supposedly attractive world

29. The mechanisation of everything

30. Gerrit Rietveld Dutch, 1888 - 1964 G. A. van de Groenekan, fabricator (Holland) Zig-Zag sidechair, 1939 Zig-Zag sidechair Making the impossible, possible

33. Victory over nature

35. Moder -nism and Christ- ianity

37. La Sagrada Familia Antoni Gaudí. Started 1882 Completion 2026 144 years to build

38. The interior

39. The Nativity Facade

40. The Birth of Christ

43. Some NZ Humanist principles Live a worthwhile life Contribute to the well- being of our fellow humans, since we depend on each other. Care for the health of the environment that nurtures us. Hurt not others with that which pains yourself. Do as you would be done by Children should be brought up to be honest, kind and fair.

46. The factory for stars

48. Pablo Picasso, Le guitariste, 1910 reductionism

49. Pablo (or Pablito) Diego José Santiago Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Blasco y Picasso López

50. Naïve John Good Old Modernism Takes a Ciggy Break 1992 Home New Work Early Work Drawings Product News Links Contact

51. Postmodernism (in complete defiance of the rules of science) flies away from exhausted Modernism

53. Postmodernism Metaphysical and Epistemological assumptions multiple and individual realities the idea of “other” an absence of universals (meta-narratives) rejection of structural and hierarchical models – surface (lateral) not depth (vertical) relationships methodology of deconstruction research as a creative interactive qualitative process – focus groups, interviews, grounded theory

54. Karl Popper

55. Karl Popper’s “falsification” principle. Theories cannot be proven by doing endless confirmations of their predictions - the inductive argument One falsification of a theory is sufficient to disprove it - Newton and Einstein Science can never be more that a hypothesis waiting for falsification If an hypothesis is not falsifiable (testable) it is not scientific

56. We are the only beings conscious of our own existence. We cannot have an “innate” nature. We all have to create our own nature and meaning Jean-Paul Sartre & Simone de Beauvior - Existentialism

57. Post-structuralism An extension/rejection of structuralism – that the meaning of things (words, behaviours) are subordinate to their place with a system. Objects exist independently of thought However, all things only have meaning within social space (relationships, discourse [thought and language]) – and are a social construction Meaning is constructed and can be deconstructed by discourse (themes) – terrorists vs freedom fighters Meaning is always in flux and where it is ambiguous is a pointer to shifting conditions of power

58. There is no one theory or perspective that defines everything

60. An ethical and moral vacuum ?

61. Michel Foucault – power and ethics: “From being an art of unbearable sensations, punishment has become an economy of suspended rights”

62. Foucault Rejection of idea that there is position from which you can observe all history – having a transcendent consciousness Understanding the location and movement of power is the key function of discourse analysis Everything is capable of multiple meanings – there are no experts The “confession” and the “examination” is seen as mechanisms of oppression in social services Maintaining a stance through ethics based on autonomy of the participant, reflexivity and critique

64. Jacques Derrida

66. Deconstruction - text analysis 1.Find tensions and instabilities in the text 2.Question assumptions which are set as self evident, natural or original 3.Look for the binaries (man-woman), developed-underdeveloped) – is there a power hierarchy? How stable is the binary? What does it exclude? 4.Look for paradox – where an author subverts his/her own intentions Derrida - defining deconstruction.wmv

70. Post-positivism critical realism. there is a reality independent of our thinking about it all observation is fallible and has error and that all theory is revisable the goal of science is to hold steadfastly to the goal of getting it right about reality, even though we can never achieve that goal objectivity is a group perspective, requiring multiple measures and methods knowledge evolves through a process of variation, selection and retention

71. Contrasts between positivism and post- positivism [1] [1] PositivismPost-Positivism Emphasis on parts and decontextualization Emphasis on whole and contextualization Emphasis on separationEmphasis on integration Emphasis on the general Emphasis on the specific Consideration only of objective and the quantifiable Consideration also of subjective and the non- quantifiable

72. Contrasts between positivism and post-positivism [1] [1] PositivismPost-Positivism Reliance on experts and outsider knowledge-- researcher as external Consideration also of the "average" participant and insider knowledge- researcher as internal Focus on predictionFocus on understanding Top-downBottom-up Attempt to standardizeAppreciation of diversity Focus on the product Focus on the process as well

73. Transformative/Emancipatory paradigm Has a focus on social justice, the experience of oppression, the differentials of power, and the cultural, political, economic and historical perceptions of “reality”. It builds on Foucauldian ideas of ethics and asks for a constant effort to move taken-for-granted knowledge to conscious examination while accepting the post-positivist agenda