1. { Drugs of Abuse Salvia divinorum

2. { Native to southern Mexico Divinity rituals Healing rituals Hallucinogen First recorded in 1939 Only illegal in 5 states & 8 countries Background

3. Methods of Use  Sublingual absorption – 10- 50g wet or 2-10g dry  Smoked herb -.2-.5g  10 micrograms is needed to cause psychoactive effects  5X, 6X, 10X concentrations  Effects last between 5-15 min.  Normality restored after 20-40 min.

4.  Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist instead of interacting with specific serotonin receptor  Hallucinogenic effect  Mood  Motor control  Psychotomimetic “κ opioid-selective antagonists may represent novel psychotherapeutic compounds for diseases manifested by perceptual distortions (e.g., schizophrenia, dementia, and bipolar disorders)” [4]

5. { “The drug targets a receptor that is known to modulate pain and could be important for therapies as far reaching as mood disorders.” [6] It could have potential… High concentrations (red) were localized in cerebellum and visual cortex.

6.  Inhibits motility [1]  Supposed to inhibit cholinergic transmission but later study showed there was no “direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle” [1]  Worked to decrease gut inflammation but not through KOR target. Other uses

7. The “Trip”  Dream-like feeling or complete terror.  Based on  Environment  Amount consumed

8.  Change in body temp, flushing  Harder to maintain balance  Uncontrollable laughter  Psychotic disturbances  No hangover effect  Mild headache  No tolerance  Sweating! Side Effects

9. 1. Capasso, R., F. Borrelli, J. Zjawiony, L. Kutrzeba, G. Aviello, G. Sarnelli, F. Capasso, and A. A. Izzo. "The Hallucinogenic Herb Salvia Divinorum and Its Active Ingredient Salvinorin A Reduce Inflammation-induced Hypermotility in Mice." Neurogastroenterology & Motility 0.0 (2007): 070907093643003-??? Web. 19 Nov. 2014. 2. Casselman, I., Nock, C. J., Wohlmuth, H., Weatherby, R. P., & Heinrich, M. (2014). From local to global-fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum. Journal Of Ethnopharmacology, 151(2), 768-783. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.032 "DrugFacts: Salvia." National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Apr. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.. 3. Erowid. "Erowid Salvia Divinorum Vault : Salvinorin Activity at Kappa Opioid Receptor.” Erowid Salvia Divinorum Vault : Salvinorin Activity at Kappa Opioid Receptor. Erowid, 16 Oct. 2002. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.. 4. Roth, B. L. "Salvinorin A: A Potent Naturally Occurring Nonnitrogenous Kappa Opioid Selective Agonist." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99.18 (2002): 11934-1939. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. 5. Sack, Kevin, and Brent Mcdonald. "Popularity of a Hallucinogen May Thwart Its Medical Uses." The New York Times. The New York Times, 08 Sept. 2008. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.. 6. Snyder, Kendra. "BNL Newsroom | Brookhaven Scientists Explore Brain's Reaction to Potent Hallucinogen." Brookhaven Scientists Explore Brain's Reaction to Potent Hallucinogen. Brookhaven National Laboratory, 28 Apr. 2008. Web. 19 Nov.2014.. References