1. COUNTRY BRIEF: VENEZUELA THE RISE OF THE NEW LEFT: WHY?

2. VENEZUELA: PROFILE, 2010 Population (millions) 29 GNP (U.S. billions) 394 GNP/capita ($ U.S.)11,630 Poverty rate (%) 27.8 Life expectancy (years) 74

4. WHY VENEZUELA? An apparently stable two-party democracy  Rómulo Betancourt and Generation of 1928  Pact of Punto Fijo (1958) No military threat Awash in petroleum (“Venezuela Saudita”)  OPEC (1960)  PdVSA Positive international profile  Socialist International  Diplomacy in Central America/1980s

5. SEEDS OF RESENTMENT Socioeconomic inequality Reliance on state patronage  Petroleum as “devil’s excrement” Concentration of power and wealth Rural-to-urban migration Partidocracia:  Absence of clear programs  Closed-list slates  Ageing leadership

6. POLITICAL DECAY Carlos Andrés Pérez (CAP)  Neoliberal reforms and caracazo  Attempted coups 1992  Impeachment 1993 Voter disenchantment  Turnout: 96% (1973) to 60% (1990s)  AD + COPEI vote share: 90% (1970s-80s) to 45% (1993) to 11% (1998)  Rafael Caldera wins as independent in 1993

7. The Hugo Chávez Story 1989: Caracazo 1992: Failed military coup (amnesty 1994) 1998: Wins presidential election 1999: Installs new constitution 2002: Survives attempted coup 2004: Attains support in referendum 2006: Wins second presidential term 2007: Declines renewal of RCTV license 2007: Constitutional referendum fails 2008: Oil climbs to >$100 per barrel 2008: Referendum succeeds 2012: Campaign for re-election; cancer treatment 2013: Dies

8. THE BOLIVARIAN REVOLUTION Domestic agenda:  Strengthening state  Redistributing wealth  Monopolizing power Global agenda:  Opposing U.S. hegemony (especially under GWB)  Building continental solidarity  Becoming leader of developing world  Consolidating oil-producing alliances

9. INTERNAL WEAKNESSES Judiciary, rule of law and “due process” Absence of representative institutions—e.g., courts, legislature, unions Concentration of presidential power Chávez’s charisma Economic inefficiencies

10. RECENT ISSUES Leadership:  Small circle of advisers  Accusations of corruption  Nicolás Maduro as successor Economic performance:  Rationing of water and electricity  Inefficiencies Foreign policy:  Threats of war with Colombia  Rise of Lula (and Dilma) and Brazil Curtailing opposition:  Redistricting for elections of National Assembly  Shutdown of RCTV International

11. WHY ELSEWHERE? Juxtaposition of inequality and wealth Organizational basis for mass mobilization Timing (why ca. 2005?):  Changing approach to electoral politics (rejection of revolutionary option)  Constraints and moderation resulting from “pacts” International incentives:  Respect for democracy  Neoliberal economics and regional integration  “… the same factors that prevent the left from pursuing more radical economic policies are also responsible for the ability of the left to remain in power without provoking antisystemic behavior on the part of opposing political forces.”

12. AND THE FUTURE…? “… the left is back, and it will remain competitive in much of Latin America well into the future” Threats and challenges:  Corruption scandals  Concerns with public safety  Break with policy moderation  Politicization of military “The future of the left in Latin America will largely depend on its ability to strike a balance between the pragmatic need for moderation and the moral imperative to pursue strategies for poverty reduction, redistribution, and development.”

13. N __%__ __(millions)__ 1980 40.5 136 1990 48.3 200 2002 44.0 221 2010 32.1 180 UPDATE: POVERTY LEVELS

14. CHANGES IN INEQUALITY 1980-2000 = rising  increasing lower-higher skilled gap  uneven effects of international trade  absence of public policies 2000-2006 = declining (slightly)  reduced lower-higher skilled gap (due to education)  government programs (including remittances)  2007-09 unclear impact of global crash  still high by world standards

15. QUESTIONS 1. Do these developments mean that radical policies are unnecessary? 2. Or might they provide more opportunity for radical policy (e.g., land reform)? 3. Does moderation mean survival of the “left”—or the extinction of the left? 4. What impact might come from political change in Cuba—or Venezuela?