1. Title: Lesson 2 Properties of Acids and Bases
Learning Objectives:
Understand the reactions of acids with:
Metals
Bases
Carbonates
Understand the effect of acids/alkalis on indicators
Conduct experiments to confirm the above properties

2. Refresh
Define the terms acid and base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory. Give one example of each.
Which statement explains why ammonia can act as a Lewis base?
Ammonia can donate a lone pair of electrons.
Ammonia can accept a lone pair of electrons.
Ammonia can donate a proton.
Ammonia can accept a proton.

3. Neutralisation ACID + ALKALI  SALT + WATER
hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium chloride + water
net ionic equation = H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
sulfuric acid + ammonia  ammonium sulfate + water
This is always an exothermic reaction.
It is called neutralisation but won’t always lead to a perfectly neutral solution
Summary of acid reactions that form salts:
Acid + Metal  Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Base  Salt and Water
Acid + Carbonate  Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

4. What is a salt? What is the difference between a base and alkali?
A salt is an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal or another positive ion.
What is the difference between a base and alkali?

5. ACID + METAL  SALT + HYDROGEN
Net ionic equation for 1st equation:
Rules for writing ionic equations:
Separate all aqueous species into their ions and leave all solids, liquids and gases in their molecular form.
Cancel all species common to both sides of the equation. The cancelled species are known as spectator ions as they do not change during the reaction.
Gas given off with visible bubbles is known as EFFERVESCENCE.

6. Writing ionic equations for neutralisation reactions
Consider the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide;
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) --->
To write the products we combine the anion of the acid with the cation of the base and write the correct formula following the principle of electroneutrality. The other product is water.
Molecular equation: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ---> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
To write the ionic equation we must separate all aqueous species into their ions and leave any solid, liquid or gaseous substance in its molecular form. So in this case HCl(aq), NaOH(aq), and NaCl(aq) must be written as aqueous ions and H2O(l)remains in its molecualr form.
ionic equation: H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) ---> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
Finally to write the net ionic equation we must cancel all species common to both sides of the equation
ionic equation: H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) ---> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
net ionic equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) ---> H2O(l)

7. ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER
Net ionic equation for 1st equation:
Acid Base reactions are neutralisation reactions.
Exothermic
Enthalpy change of neutralisation is the enthalpy change when an acid and a base react to form one mole of water.
For reactions between all strong acids and strong bases, the enthalpy change is similar because the net reaction is the same, involving formation of water from its ions.

8. ACID + CARBONATE  SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER
Net ionic equation for 1st equation:
Gas given off with visible bubbles is known as EFFERVESCENCE.

9. Indicators Can be used to identify pH. Common Indicators
Universal (actually a mixture of indicators):
Litmus:
Acid is Red / Base is Blue
Phenolpthalein:
Acid is Colourless / Alkali is Pink

10. Acid-Base Indicators
Acid-Base indicators change colour reversibly according to the concentration of H+ ions in the solution.
This is because they are weak acids and bases whose conjugates have different colours.
HIn(aq)  H+(aq) + In-(aq)
Information on different indicators are given in section 22 of the data booklet.

11. Acid-Base titrations are based on neutralisation reactions
Find an unknown concentration of acid or alkali if the other is known concentration.
Solution that is of known concentration is the standard solution.
Equivalence point is where neutralisation occurs.
Indicator is required to tell us when the equivalence point is reached.

13. Solutions

14. Key Points Acids react in similar ways to each other
Bases react in similar ways to each other
Reactions tend to neutralise acid/base properties