1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Lesson Starters Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Table of Contents Chapter 14 Acids and Bases Section 1 Properties of Acids and Bases Section 2 Acid-Base Theories Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson Starter The solutions in the beakers are different because they have a different pH. One beaker contains a basic solution and the other beaker contains an acidic solution Chapter 14 Section 1 Properties of Acids and Bases

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson Starter What is the meaning of the word neutralization. How is the word used in everyday life? How is it likely to apply to acids and bases? Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives Describe a conjugate acid, a conjugate base, and an amphoteric compound. Explain the process of neutralization. Define acid rain, give examples of compounds that can cause acid rain, and describe effects of acid rain. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Conjugate Acids and Bases The species that remains after a Brønsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton is the conjugate base of that acid. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions acid conjugate base

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Conjugate Acids and Bases, continued Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reactions involve two acid-base pairs, known a conjugate acid-base pairs. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions acid 1 base 2 base 1 acid 2

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Neutralization Reactions Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Conjugate Acids and Bases, continued Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases The stronger an acid is, the weaker its conjugate base The stronger a base is, the weaker its conjugate acid Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions strong acid base acid weak base

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Conjugate Acids and Bases, continued Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases, continued Proton transfer reactions favor the production of the weaker acid and the weaker base. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions stronger acid stronger base weaker acid weaker base The reaction to the right is more favorable weaker acid weaker base stronger acid stronger base The reaction to the left is more favorable

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Visual Concepts Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Conjugated Acids and Bases Chapter 14

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Amphoteric Compounds Any species that can react as either an acid or a base is described as amphoteric. example: water water can act as a base Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions acid 1 base 2 acid 2 base 1 water can act as an acid base 1 acid 2 acid 1 base 2

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Amphoteric Compounds, continued –OH in a Molecule The covalently bonded IOH group in an acid is referred to as a hydroxyl group. Molecular compounds containing —OH groups can be acidic or amphoteric. The behavior of a compound is affected by the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the atom connected to the —OH group. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Oxyacids of Chlorine Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Visual Concepts Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Amphoterism Chapter 14

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Neutralization Reactions Strong Acid-Strong Base Neutralization In aqueous solutions, neutralization is the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules. A salt is an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Visual Concepts Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Neutralization Reaction Chapter 14

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Acid Rain NO, NO 2, CO 2, SO 2, and SO 3 gases from industrial processes can dissolve in atmospheric water to produce acidic solutions. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions example: Very acidic rain is known as acid rain. Acid rain can erode statues and affect ecosystems.

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Visual Concepts Acid Precipitation Chapter 14

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Visual Concepts Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chemical Weathering Chapter 14

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter 14 Show

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an acid? A.An acid changes the color of an indicator. B.An acid has a bitter taste. C.An acid ionizes in water. D.An acid produces hydronium ions in water. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an acid? A.An acid changes the color of an indicator. B.An acid has a bitter taste. C.An acid ionizes in water. D.An acid produces hydronium ions in water. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 2. When an acid reacts with an active metal, A.the hydronium ion concentration increases. B.the metal forms anions. C.hydrogen gas is produced. D.carbon dioxide gas is produced. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 2. When an acid reacts with an active metal, A.the hydronium ion concentration increases. B.the metal forms anions. C.hydrogen gas is produced. D.carbon dioxide gas is produced. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 3. Which of the following is a Brønsted-Lowry base? A. an electron pair donor B. an electron pair acceptor C. a proton donor D. a proton acceptor Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 3. Which of the following is a Brønsted-Lowry base? A. an electron pair donor B. an electron pair acceptor C. a proton donor D. a proton acceptor Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 4. Which acid is the most commonly produced industrial chemical? A. hydrochloric acid B. acetic acid C. nitric acid D. sulfuric acid Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 4. Which acid is the most commonly produced industrial chemical? A. hydrochloric acid B. acetic acid C. nitric acid D. sulfuric acid Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 5. Which of the following is a conjugate pair? A.H + and OH  B. C.HCl and Cl  D. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 5. Which of the following is a conjugate pair? A.H + and OH  B. C.HCl and Cl  D. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 6. What is the formula for acetic acid? A. CH 3 COOH B. HNO 3 C. HClO 4 D. HCN Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 6. What is the formula for acetic acid? A. CH 3 COOH B. HNO 3 C. HClO 4 D. HCN Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 7. Which of the following species is the conjugate acid of another species in the list? A. B.H 3 PO 4 C.H 2 O D. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 7. Which of the following species is the conjugate acid of another species in the list? A. B.H 3 PO 4 C.H 2 O D. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 8. Identify the salt that forms when a solution of H 2 SO 4 is titrated with a solution of Ca(OH) 2. A.calcium sulfate B.calcium hydroxide C.calcium oxide D.calcium phosphate Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 8. Identify the salt that forms when a solution of H 2 SO 4 is titrated with a solution of Ca(OH) 2. A.calcium sulfate B.calcium hydroxide C.calcium oxide D.calcium phosphate Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 9. Which of the following statements is true for the reaction below? A.HF is the base. B. C.F − is the conjugate base. D. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 9. Which of the following statements is true for the reaction below? A.HF is the base. B. C.F − is the conjugate base. D. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Answer 10. How does a strong acid differ from a weak acid? Give one example of each. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Answer 10. How does a strong acid differ from a weak acid? Give one example of each. Answer: A strong acid is 100% ionized; a weak acid is less than 100% ionized. Possible strong acids are HCl, HI, HBr, HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, HClO 4, and HClO 3. With very few exceptions, any other acid will be a weak acid. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Answer 11. Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the following reaction: Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Answer 11. Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the following reaction: Answer: HClO 2 (aq) acid 1, NH 3 (aq) base 2, Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Extended Response Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation 12. Phosphoric acid, H 3 PO 4, has three hydrogen atoms and is classified as a triprotic acid. Acetic acid, CH 3 COOH, has four hydrogen atoms and is classified as a monoprotic acid. Explain the difference, and justify your explanation by drawing the Lewis structure for both acids.

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 12. Phosphoric acid, H 3 PO 4, has three hydrogen atoms and is classified as a triprotic acid. Acetic acid, CH 3 COOH, has four hydrogen atoms and is classified as a monoprotic acid. Explain the difference, and justify your explanation by drawing the Lewis structure for both acids. Answer: Each of the H atoms in phosphoric acid is attached to an oxygen atom and can ionize. Only one of the H atoms in acetic acid is attached to an oxygen atom and can be ionized. The three H atoms bonded to C do not ionize; thus, acetic acid is a monoprotic acid. Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation Extended Response

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation Extended Response 12. Phosphoric acid, H 3 PO 4, has three hydrogen atoms and is classified as a triprotic acid. Acetic acid, CH 3 COOH, has four hydrogen atoms and is classified as a monoprotic acid. Explain the difference, and justify your explanation by drawing the Lewis structure for both acids. Answer continued:

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 13. Write the full equation, ionic equation, and net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid. Identify the spectator ion(s). Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation Extended Response

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 13. Write the full equation, ionic equation, and net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid. Identify the spectator ion(s). Answer: full equation: ionic equation: net ionic equation: spectator ion: Chapter 14 Standardized Test Preparation Extended Response