1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Structure and Function
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Structure and Function

2. Remember from the Genetics Unit…
Chromosomes carry hereditary information (information that is passed to offspring) that is present in distinct units called genes arranged along chromosomes like beads.
Those beads are called alleles.
It is the combination of the alleles that create the gene, which will eventually create the expression in the organism.

3. Make Up of Chromosomes
Chromosomes are made of chromatin, which describes the combination of DNA and proteins wound tightly together.
They must be wound up tightly to fit inside of the nucleus.

5. Nucleic acids Both found in the nucleus of the cell 2 kinds:
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA = Ribonucleic acid
Both found in the nucleus of the cell

6. Let’s start with DNA…
DNA is the hereditary material that is passed on from one generation to the next through reproduction
No 2 people in the world have 100% the same DNA.
The Human Genome Project mapped the genes of a single person and found that the human genome contains more than 3.4 billion base pairs and between 20 000 and 25 000 genes.
It took 13 years to map the human genome and was complete in 2003.

8. DNA has three components
5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate group (PO4)
Nitrogenous base
There are 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA:
Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

9. When the 3 components are combined together, they create a nucleotide.
This unit repeats and composes the majority of the DNA structure.
DNA nucleotides are composed of:
1 molecule deoxyribose sugar
1 molecule phosphate group
& 1 of the 4 nitrogenous bases (A,T,C or G)

11. Nucleotides are arranged in a ladder structure.
Alternating phosphate and sugar molecules make up the sides of the ladder
Pairs of nitrogenous bases make up the rungs of the ladder

12. The shape of DNA is called a Double Helix

13. Complementary base pairing rule
In any pair of bases:
Adenine will bond only to Thymine
Guanine will bond only to Cytosine

14. Nitrogenous bases are attached to each other with hydrogen bonds:
There are 2 hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine
There are 3 hydrogen bonds between Guanine and Cytosine
Each pairing must be with a ‘Purine’ and ‘Pyrimidine’.
Adenine and Guanine are purines.
Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines.

15. A-A-A-C-G-A-T-A-T-T-G-C-C-G-A A A C T T T G C T A T G G C T
So, keeping the complementary base pairing rule in mind: If the order of Nitrogenous bases along one arm of DNA was…
A-A-A-C-G-A-T-A-T-T-G-C-C-G-A A A C T T T G C T A T G G C T

16. ADENINE 12 CYTOSINE 38 GUANINE 38 THYMINE 12
Question: If 12% of the nitrogenous bases in a persons DNA was Adenine, then what percent of their nitrogenous bases would be Guanine?
ADENINE 12
THYMINE 12
CYTOSINE 38
GUANINE 38

17. The sequence of nitrogenous bases acts as a code.
The code determines what proteins will be made by the cell.
Proteins in turn determine the nature and activities of the cell.
This is why the amount of DNA is not important.
Sequence determines outcome.

18. Replication of DNA
Due to the fact that cells divide so rapidly, DNA must be replicated often and efficiently in order to keep up with demand.
DNA is replicated during interphase of either mitosis or meiosis depending on the cell.
Human cells take about 20 hours to replicate all 46 chromosomes.
However, some can take only minutes. E.Coli bacteria can replicate DNA and divide a cell in only 20 minutes.

19. Steps in Replication
1: The hydrogen bonds between the base pairs (nitrogenous bases) break and the two strands of the DNA molecule pull apart.
this exposes the base pairs along each strand
2: Bases of free nucleotides (floating around in the nucleus) fasten on to complementary bases of the now exposed DNA chain.

20. Result: complementary strand is created that is identical to the one that split off earlier.

21. Remember that this process is done for each of the two original DNA strands.
Think back to mitosis: when the chromosomes doubled
Replication does not actually begin at one end of the DNA strand and end at the other.
To speed up the process, Replication begins at many points on the DNA strand that connect later.
These are called Replication bubbles.

23. RNA Similar to in composition to DNA…
The molecule consists of only 1 chain (instead of 2).
Half of the ‘ladder’ is present.
The sugar is Ribose (not deoxyribose)
Thymine is replaced with Uracil
(which eventually bonds with adenine)
RNA is involved in the synthesis of proteins

24. A-A-A-C-G-A-T-A-T-T-G-C-C-G-AU U U G C U A U C G G C U

25. RNA nucleotide

26. How many different DNA & RNA nucleotides are there total?8