1. R&D Programme for RT Phase Feedback Giulio Morpurgo

2. Outline of this presentation What is the “phase feed-forward”, and which problem it tries to solve The test-stand (CTF3), and what do we want to do there

3. The problem The synchronization the CLIC beams Two couple of beams (DB1, MB1 and DB2, MB2) Synchronize DB1 (x 24) with MB1 Synchronize DB2 (x 24) with MB2 Synchronize MB1 with MB2 (not treated here)

4. Why must the MB and the DB be synchronized ? The Drive Beam carries the energy needed to accelerate the Main Beam. This energy, in the form of a 12 GHz pulse, is transferred to the RF cavities of the Main Linac, which produce a 12 GHz accelerating field to be seen by the Main Beam bunches. If this field has a wrong phase when the Main Beam sees it, the Main Beam will not be accelerated properly.

5. DB MB Synchronization points drive beam accelerator combiner rings CR1 CR2 delay loop 1 km e + injectore - injector CLIC 3 TeV e + main linac e - main linac BC2 BC1 e + DR e - DR booster linac decelerator, 24 sectors of 868 m IP1 BDS 2.75 km BDS 2.75 km 47.9 km CR2 delay loop drive beam accelerator 1 km CR1 TA R= 120 m TA R= 120 m 245 m DB MB Main Beam Drive Beam MB DB Synchronization MB MB Synchronization ? ?

6. What happens at every “synchronization point” The Main Beam arrives, on its way to the end of the CLIC tunnel. Its “phase” relative to a precision oscillator is measured. After some time, the Drive Beam train for this sector arrives. Its “phase” is also measured. The difference between the two phases is compared with a (predefined) “reference value”. The Drive Beam is deflected into the turn-around, where its path length is fine-tuned in accordance with the above phase measurements (RT phase feed-forward) The Drive Beam enters the deceleration sector, and start transferring its energy to the RF cavities Soon after, the Main Beam appears again, having travelled to the final turn-around and back, ready to be accelerated by the RF cavities

7. The MB-DB synchronization requirement The max. acceptable “phase” error (generated by a wrong delay between the arrival times of the Drive Beam and the Main Beam) has been set at 0.2° at 12 GHz. If the drive beam(s) and the main beam have a wrong relative “phase”, the main beam – will not be accelerated properly, and – its size will be enlarged by the Beam Delivery System (reducing luminosity) A correlated (among the 24 synchronization points) phase error of 0.2 ° corresponds to a relative luminosity reduction of ~1%* *D. Schulte, CLIC-Note-803

8. The famous MB DB phase feed-forward in the tunnel Using a (local) femto-timing system, measure delay ΔØ real between the two outgoing beams DB turn-around MB to IP Out-going DB B B’ D D’ Sensitivity of δE measurement/correction? Intra-pulse corrections ? *Precision of the « phase » measurement *Stability of local timing C At B&B’: compare ΔØ (MB DB) real with reference ΔØ (the difference is the “phase” error) Also measure Drive Beam energy error δE (use A&B) Compute correction (δE dependent) to “re-align” DB to MB using “C-D” chicane Use D&D’ to measure residual phase error MB/DB after feed-forward Use B&C to measure time to cover the Drive Beam turn-around Out-going MB *see work by J.Sladen and A.Andersson, EPAC 2006, PAC 2007, CLIC-Note-734 Issues: A MB turn-around Decelerating DB

9. MB DB synchronization: What exactly has to be synchronized? (and measured) A train of the drive beam consists of 2904 bunches spaced by 83.3 picoseconds (2.5 cms) The bunches of the drive beam lose their energy in the PETS, and this energy produces the accelerating field for the main beam. Every bunch of the main beam is accelerated by the field – produced by n (~60) bunches* of the drive beam – (perturbed by the previous n/6 main beam bunches) The Main Beam bunches have to see a correct RF phase to be accelerated properly *For an RF cavities filling time of 5 ns

10. MB DB synchronization: What we would like to measure at CTF3 The first quantity we would like to measure is the Drive Beam “phase” itself (i.e. The phase of the RF field generated by the passage of the Drive Beam into a suitable monitor, relative to the phase of the 3GHz Timing system). Our R&D programme in 2010 will mainly concentrate on this aspect. Effort should be put in measuring other relevant quantities (like Temperature, Beam Intensity, etc.) and studying the correlations between them and the phase. At a later stage, a precise measurement of the Arrival Time of individual bunches will certainly be useful to better understand and control the sources of phase instabilities.

11. R&D for 2010: general lines Questions – Can we measure the “phase” of the Drive Beam with the required precision (< 0.05° at 3 GHz)? – How does the phase of the Drive Beam change with time? Pulse to pulse Within a pulse – What are the reasons for those changes?

12. R&D for 2010: general lines Phase Measurements : luckily we will not start from scratch. A lot of work has been done by Alexandra Andersson and Jonathan Sladen during the past few years. By comparing the values of two independent monitors connected to the same signal, they have already obtained a relative precision of around 0.05° in a 50 MHz bandwidth using the CTF3 beam and a 30 GHz PETS structure. Their work gives confidence that a system measuring the phase with the required precision can be built. Relevant papers by A. Andersson and J.P.H. Sladen EPAC 2006, Precision Beam Timing Measurement System For CLIC Synchronization PAC 2007, First Tests of a Precision Beam Phase Measurement System in CTF3 CLIC-Note-734, RF-Based Electron Beam Timing Measurement With Sub-10 FS Resolution EUROTeV-Report-2008-095-1, Final Report for the Timing and Phase Monitoring (TPMON) Task

13. fully loaded acceleration recombination x 2 phase-coding bunch length control recombination x 4 bunch compression two-beam acceleration structures 12 GHz CTF3 as a test-stand The CTF3 Linac: Phase measurements will be performed here

14. Structure of the CTF3 beam At the Linac : -Pulse length 1.12 µs (~1680 bunches) -Bunch spacing 666 ps (20 cm) -One bunch every second 3GHz RF bucket; every 140ns (210 bunches) the occupancy parity is changed After recombination (delay loop + combining ring) -Pulse length 140 ns (12 GHz) -Bunch spacing 83.3 ps (2.5 cm) It is also possible to have a shorter pulse length in the Linac, and to suppress the 140ns phase switching

15. CTF3 as a test stand Pre-buncher Gun Klystrons 3 GHz timing FIRST MEASUREMENT Phase stability measurement: Mix 3GHz from timing and 3GHz signal induced by the beam in the last accelerating structure (whose Klystron will be switched off) Filter out high frequencies, digitize (one point every 1 ns), average over 10 points Look at Ø(t), the phase of the Beam Induced signal, relative to the (0) phase of the timing system GOAL OF THE MEASUREMENT Look at stability along the pulse Look at reproducibility pulse after pulse Buncher Accelerating structures Mixer Low-band filter Digitizer (~1 GHz) Data 3 GHz

16. Notes The CTF3 Drive Beam is preceded by a “header”, made of ~100 bunches. This header is used to bring the RF structures to a stable regime, so that all the bunches of the Drive Beam are accelerated as uniformly as possible. The header (or what is left of it) is then dumped after the Linac. In our case, the header will induce some signal in our “monitor” RF cavity. We should discard this signal, which will come at the beginning of our acquisition window.

17. Pre-buncher Gun Klystrons 3 GHz timing MEASURE PHASES FROM ALL CAVITIES The goal of this measurement is to determine if phase instabilities in different cavities are correlated or not. This is important to predict the way the error will accumulate in the CLIC Drive Beam Linac. The tolerance for correlated errors is a factor 4 tighter than the tolerance for uncorrelated ones buncher Accelerating structures Mixer Low-band filter Digitizer (~1GHz) Data Mixer Low-band filter Digitizer (~1GHz) Data

18. Pre-buncher Gun Klystrons 3 GHz timing INCLUDE BEAM CURRENT DATA FROM WALL CURRENT MONITORS MONITOR ALSO THE TEMPERATURE The goal is to study correlation between the phase measurements and the beam current, both inside a pulse, and pulse after pulse Also the temperature can have an effect which should be analyzed Buncher Accelerating structures Mixer Low-band filter Digitizer (~1 GHz) Data Mixer Low-band filter Digitizer (1 GHz) Data Wall current monitors They are capable of measuring the beam current distribution inside the pulse

19. fully loaded acceleration recombination x 2 phase-coding bunch length control recombination x 4 bunch compression two-beam acceleration structures 12 GHz Future development: measure phase at the two beam test stand It would also be interesting to make a phase measurement getting the signal from the two beam test area. (even if we know that no effort is done to maintain the phase stability) Mixer Low-band filter Digitizer (~1GHz) Data Mixer Low-band filter Digitizer (~1GHz) Data

20. Other measurements (beyond 2010) Phase feedback prototype – It would be nice to use the Combined Ring and the Extraction Line as a Test Stand to implement a Phase / Beam Arrival Time feedback Timing distribution – The CTF3 complex should also be used to gain experience with a “femto-second” timing system like the one needed for CLIC

21. fully loaded acceleration phase-coding two-beam acceleration structures 12 GHz CTF3 as a test-stand for phase feed-forward Possible installation of a RT phase feed-forward prototype measure correct verify Phase monitor Global Timing

22. Last but not least... I would like to thank in advance the many colleagues who will actively contribute to this activity!