1. Plane Curves and Parametric Equations New Ways to Describe Curves (10.4)

2. POD Describe this curve. Is it a function?

3. POD Describe this curve. A circle with center at (-2, 3), and radius 11. Is it a function? Nope.

4. New vocabulary y = f(x) is a function, if f is a function. We know how this works. This is an example of a plane curve, but plane curves also include non-functions, like the conics we’ve been studying.

5. New vocabulary Various examples P(a) and P(b) are the endpoints of curve C. If P(a) = P(b), the curve is a closed curve. If there is not overlap, it is a simple closed curve. Is there a way to describe these non-functions in terms of functions? (Of course there is, or we wouldn’t be doing this.) P(a) P(b) P(a) = P(b)

6. New vocabulary Plane curve: a set C of ordered pairs (f(t),g(t)), where f and g are functions defined on interval I. In other words, a graph may not be a function, but we substitute the coordinates x and y with separate components that are functions of t– a mathematical sleight of hand. Then we specify an interval I to run t in.

7. Parametric equations We use parametric equations to describe plane curves. The format is a bit different from the y = form we’re used to– we add a third variable and base the x and y functions on it. The curve C with parameter t: x = f(t)y = g(t) for t in interval I. The final result is a curve– which could be the same as curves we’ve seen– which runs in a particular direction (orientation).

8. Parametric equations– use it The curve C with parameter t: x = f(t)y = g(t) for t in I. 1. x = 2ty = t 2 -1-1 ≤ t ≤ 2 a. On calculators, graph the curve, and determine its orientation. Change the T window and T step to see how the graph changes. b. Do this with a triple-column chart on the next slide. c. Combine them to find an equation in x and y (a more familiar form).

9. Parametric equations– use it 1. x = 2t y = t 2 -1 -1 ≤ t ≤ 2 a. Graph the curve, and show its orientation. We can do this easily on the graphing calculators. Change the MODE to “PARA” for parametric mode. The Y= window is different, and we include both functions.

10. Parametric equations– use it 1. x = 2ty = t 2 -1-1 ≤ t ≤ 2 a. Plot the curve, and show its orientation. The window screen is also different– we include the final x and y dimensions, of course, but add the interval and increments for t.

11. Parametric equations– use it 1. x = 2ty = t 2 -1-1 ≤ t ≤ 2 a. Plot the curve, and show its orientation. The final graph looks like something we’ve seen before. Why does it stop?

12. Parametric equations– use it 1. x = 2ty = t 2 -1-1 ≤ t ≤ 2 b. Plot the curve, and show its orientation. txy -½ 0 ½ 1 3/2 2 It’s like there are two dependent variables (x and y) based on one independent variable (t). How does the curve “run”?

13. Parametric equations– use it 1. x = 2ty = t 2 -1-1 ≤ t ≤ 2 c. Combine them to find an equation in x and y (a more familiar form). x = 2tt = x/2 y = t 2 -1 y = (x/2) 2 -1 y= ¼ x 2 -1

14. Parametric equations– use it 1. x = 2ty = t 2 -1-1 ≤ t ≤ 2 One curve can be expressed by an infinite number of parametric equations. x = ty = ¼ t 2 – 1 -2 ≤ t ≤ 4 x = t 3 y = (1/8) t 6 – 1 -2 1/3 ≤ t ≤ 4 1/3 Try graphing them on calculators.

15. Parametric equations– use it 2. P(x, y) is x = a cos t and y = a sin t, for all real number values of t, and a >0. Describe the motion of P. Don’t graph, just think.

16. Parametric equations– use it 2. P(x, y) is x = a cos t and y = a sin t, for all real number values of t, and a >0. Describe the motion of P. Don’t graph, just think. Graph on calculators. Set a = 5.

17. Parametric equations– use it 2. P(x, y) is x = a cos t and y = a sin t, for all real number values of t, and a >0. Describe the motion of P.

18. Parametric equations– use it 2. P(x, y) is x = a cos t and y = a sin t, for all real number values of t, and a >0. Describe the motion of P. Why look, a circle with radius a, centered on the origin. The curve follows a counter-clockwise rotation. Graph it on calculators to check. Radian or degree mode?

19. Parametric equations– use it 3. From p. 824, #4. Graph the parametric equation and give its orientation. What is the equation in x-y notation? x = t 3 + 1 y = t 3 – 1 -2 ≤ t ≤ 2

20. Parametric equations– use it 3. From p. 824, #4. Graph the parametric equation and give its orientation. What is the equation in x- y notation? x = t 3 + 1 y = t 3 – 1 -2 ≤ t ≤ 2 What does this curve look like?

21. Parametric equations– use it 3. From p. 824, #4. Graph the parametric equation and give its orientation. What is the equation in x-y notation? x = t 3 + 1 y = t 3 – 1 -2 ≤ t ≤ 2 txy -2 0 1 2

22. Parametric equations– use it 3. From p. 824, #4. Graph the parametric equation and give its orientation. What is the equation in x-y notation? x = t 3 + 1 y = t 3 – 1 -2 ≤ t ≤ 2 t 3 = x – 1 y = (x – 1) – 1 y = x – 2