1. Roman Expansion They came, they saw, they conquered!

2. Roman Dominance of Italy ●By mid third century BCE, Romans reigned in Italy after conquering land ●Stopped fighting when they conquered all of Italy ●Sicily was next in the plan for expansion ○ Threat from Carthage

3. Rome and Carthage Similarities and Differences Carthage ●Phoenician colony ●Founded around 800 BCE ●Naval empire ●Well developed ○ Trade Rome ●Foreigners ●Founded around 750 BCE ●Land Empire ●Seen as primitive

4. The First Punic War ●264 BCE, Roman Republic and Carthaginian Empire collide in Sicily ●Powerful army against a powerful and maneuverable navy ○ Rome’s use of land tactics at sea ●Rome prevailed in 241 BCE and required Carthage to pay a large indemnity ○ Money paid for damages caused

5. The Second Punic War ●Rome declared war on Carthage in 218 BCE ●Carthage reassembled and started to conquer territory in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) ●General Hannibal ○ Led army (included elephants) through the Alps to conquer Italy ○ Many died from the cold but Hannibal proved victorious ●Hannibal forced the Romans back to the inland cities

6. The Second Punic War ●Rome invaded Africa and threatened Carthage ●Roman general Scipio was Hannibal’s match ●Scipio’s army defeated Hannibal ●Carthage was ordered to pay another indemnity ●Carthage remained independent but lost all power

7. The Third Punic War ●149 BCE, Rome declared war on Carthage to crush it once and for all. ●146 BCE, Carthage fell ●Romans enslaved the population and razed the city. ●Rome also gained Macedonia as they were allies with Carthage ●By 133 BCE Rome gained complete supremacy in the Mediterranean.

8. Problems with Expansion ●Retained a Republican form of government ●Nobles gained more power ●Romans governed the new territories loosely ○No citizenship granted for the people in the newly gained territories ○Each new province had a different set of rules (Ex: taxes) and governed by a different official ■Officials weren’t governed well by the Roman Senate ■Neglect of the people

9. Problems with Expansion ●Rome’s uninterest in distant territories weakened the role of small citizen-farming ●Some elite Romans acquired large estates called latifundia. ○ Owned by the wealthy, ran by slaves ○ Rome came to depend on them for grain ●Farmer-soldiers returned to lost land ○ Could no longer serve in the army ○ Moved to city in hopes of finding work

10. Problems with Expansion ●Trade increased ●Equites class was formed- ○ landowning and business people of Rome ○ Wealth contributed to their influence in politics ●Loss of independent farmers and jobless masses in the cities led to weaken loyalty ●Influence of new religions and cultures

11. I AM SPARTACUS!!! ●Enslaved people from conquered territories ●Some slaves lived relatively well and some slaves lived horrible lives ●Most brutal slave revolt was led by Spartacus and began in 73 BCE with more than 70,000 slaves ●71 BCE, Roman army crushed revolt and Spartacus died in battle ● 6,000 followers were later crucified

12. Discussion Questions ●What if Hannibal had NOT lost numerous men and elephants crossing the Alps, how do you think the course of history would have changed? ●With the expansion, how did the Roman Republic change in political and social structure?