1. There is no single “recipe” for competitiveness. Various policies can be benchmarked, and then each individual country needs to adapt them to their own environment. Competitiveness strategies succeed when they balance the economic imperatives imposed by world markets with the social requirements of a nation formed by history, value systems, and tradition.

2. SC. Research Self Educ. SocialSocialEcon.Econ.EnvironEnviron

3. McNamara: former Secretary of Defense, USA “National Security is Development” I prefer: National Security is Competitiveness

4. Global Competitiveness Index

5. Global Competiveness Index Ranking Based on Innovation Pillar Ranking Based on Collaboration Between Universities and Industry Malaysia: 16 - 18 Egypt: 128 - 133