1. Is the Brain a Computer? Philosophy of Mind BRENT SILBY Unlimited (UPT)

2. Is the brain a computer? How does a computer work? Two types of computer… 1.Sequential digital processing 2.Parallel processing

3. Sequential Digital Processing Computers used to be single, sequential processors They performed only one task at a time. They appear to be multitasking because they perform tasks extremely quickly. To solve a problem, a sequential processor will treat the problem as a number of steps that are followed in sequence. Dual core CPUs can perform 2 tasks at once, so they are faster Are brains (or minds) sequential processors? We do operate in a sequential manner. We calculate math problems in a step by step manner. Even our communication is based on a sequential system. Sentences can be broken up into symbols, which are interpreted according to a sequence of rules.

4. Problem with Brain as a sequential processor Neurons are incredibly slow compared to the switches contained on a CPU. A CPU switch can flip/flop from 0 to 1 in about 1 hundred thousand millionth of a second--VERY FAST A neuron takes about a thousandth of a second to flip in response to input--VERY SLOW So a brain neuron takes 100 million times longer to do the same thing a CPU switch can do.

5. THE 100 STEP LIMITATION * Suppose that the brain works by following a sequential program like a computer (i.e. by following one instruction at a time in a program) * Because of the speed of neurons, the maximum number of instructions a brain can carry out in a 10th of a second is 100. * It takes only about a 10th of a second for the brain to extract the meaning from a sentence. * It follows that if the brain is following a sequence of instructions, then it would only take a program of 100 instructions for the brain to gain meaning from a sentence.

6. BUT, This is an incredibly small number of instructions in a program. A simple PACMAN game requires a program of 1000 lines of instructions. Current Artificial Intelligence programs contain over 1,000,000 lines of code (or instructions). We must conclude that whatever the brain does, it is not following a list of instructions (or program) one step at a time.

7. How can the brain do everything it does so quickly? Parallel Processing ! A Parallel Processor is a type of computer that carries out many instructions simultaneously. Imagine that I have 40 jars, and hidden underneath 1 of those jars is a $20 note. A sequential processor would search for the note by checking one jar at a time. This is how a search engine works. A parallel processor would would check under every jar at the same time. This is very fast and efficient. Its like having 40 single processors all working at the same time.

8. * There is no real difference between what a sequential processor and a parallel processor can do. A sequential processor can do everything that a parallel processor can do. It just breaks the process down into a step by step, one instruction at a time procedure. If this is true, is it possible to build a sequential computer that can simulate the brain? [discuss] Perhaps, but given the number of connections in the brain, it would take a modern computer several years to do what a brain does in just one second !

9. How brains and computers remember things… * Memory is vital to computers * Memory is also vital to brains * In a computer, bits of information are stored in specific locations either in RAM, CD, DVD, Flash, or Hard-drive. These locations have specific names. Information can be retrieved when the program looks up a certain name and checks the content of that location.

10. In a brain, there are no such locations. You cannot point to a specific place in the brain and say “this is my memory from 10pm last Saturday night”. The brain is not like a video camera, and does not record information completely and store it in certain places. When events happen, they have an impact on the neural structure of the brain. For example, at a party on Saturday night at 10pm this happened: * A song called “Show me love” was playing * Someone spilled beer on me * I could smell hot chips

11. Each of these things effected my brain and set up a connected neural structure. * The song set up a neural pattern in my auditory system * The wet beer set up a pattern in another sensory system * The smell of hot chips set up another pattern These patterns are all connected through a neural link. Now, when I smell hot chips, that will re-activate the previous neural pattern, which is connected to the others which are also re-activated. That’s why when I smell hot chips, it makes me think of the song “Show me love”. The memory of that event is stored everywhere in the brain.

12. BUT, The memory is not permanent. The neural connections will weaken if not used, and the memory can fade. On the other hand, if the memory *is* used, then the memory will strengthen. WARNING! Memory will become unreliable with time. Whenever it is retrieved, there is risk that it will be associated with other events since they create connected neural patterns. Human memory is extremely unreliable. e.g. of violent crime victim in court e.g. of crime victims testifying years after event took place

13. Despite its unreliability, human memory allows human creativity This is because of the way certain ideas trigger memories, and connections with other events. Human brains are associative engines. Its all about building associations.

14. Computer software is implemented on sequential hardware The mind is implemented in the parallel processing, connectionist brain network But the mind doesn’t feel like it’s a parallel processing, connectionist device. Think about day-to-day experiences. It feels like our mind is a digital/sequential system. WHY?

15. The brain is a parallel processing computer, which is built from a connectionist network The mind is a sequential program, which is implemented upon the brain’s parallel hardware. This is possible through language ! Language is a sequential system that is installed on the connectionist hardware of the brain. It allows the brain to operate as a sequential system.

16. So, is the brain a computer? Yes, it’s a parallel processing connectionist device. The mind is a sequential software that operates in the brain. It is installed slowly through the acquisition of language. Now, the big question… Can a brain be *conscious* without a mind? Or is a mind essential for consciousness? If so, then according to the above hypothesis language is essential for consciousness.

17. Powerpoint by BRENT SILBY www.def-logic.com www.def-logic.com Produced at UPT Christchurch, New Zealand www.unlimited.school.nz www.unlimited.school.nz