1. Materialism: Minds and Machines

2. Are the mind and the brain the same thing?
Can computers think?
Is the brain essentially a computer?

3. Are the mind and the brain the same thing?

4. Descartes (again!?!) Indivisibility and Indubatibility:
The Law of Identity states that for two things to be identical then each property of A must be the same as each part from B.
The body is divisible, but the mind is not.
- The body can be doubted but the mind cannot. (The Cogito)

5. Cartesian Dualism: There are two substances: Mind and Matter
a.k.a. “Mind-body Dualism”
a.k.a. “Substance Dualism”
The mind is a non-physical thinking thing.
The body is a physical non-thinking thing.

6. Monism: There is only one substance
1. Idealism:
Thought/Mind is the only substance
2. Materialism:
Matter/Body is the only substance

7. George Berkeley  
Idealist

8. Idealism
Thought/Mind is the only substance

10. Materialism
Matter/Body
is the only substance

11. Wilder Penfield

12. What is a Mental State? If the brain is identical to the mind, how do we explain mental states?

13. Types of Materialism Behaviorism
Reductive Materialism (Identity Theory)
Eliminative Materialism
Functionalism

14. Materialism : 1. Behaviorism
Mental states (pain, fear, joy) can be reduced to patterns of behavior.

15. “The sugar cube is soluble” =
Materialism : 1. Behaviorism
“The sugar cube is soluble” =
When placed in water, the sugar cube will behave by disintegrating as a cube and disperse its molecules into water evenly.

16. Materialism : 1. Behaviorism
“I am cold” = “I am about to go get a blanket and turn up the heat”

17. “I want to go to Jamaica” =
Materialism : 1. Behaviorism
“I want to go to Jamaica” =
I plan to look at tickets from American Airline online and make a purchase with a credit card.
I will fill out a form to take time off of work.
I will pack a bag full of clothing
I will call a cab company to take me to the airport.
I will board a plane which will fly to Jamaica.

18. Problems with Behaviorism:
Materialism : 1. Behaviorism
Problems with Behaviorism:
1. The string of dispositions and behaviors is far too long and indefinite to include by simply making the statement “I want to go to Jamaica.”
2. Qualia

19. Qualia The quality of an experience What is it like to feel pain?
What is it like to see color?
What is it like to taste lemonade?
What is it like to feel a need for something?

20. Materialism 2. Reductive Materialism – a.k.a. Identity Theory
Mental states of the brain are identical to physical states of the brain.
We are physical organisms.
We are part of evolutionary biology.
Our mental depends on our physical (no brain means no thoughts)

21. Inter-theoretic Reduction
Materialism 2. Reductive Materialism – a.k.a. Identity Theory
Inter-theoretic Reduction
“Hot” or “cold” = Total kinetic energy
Is it the same?
“I am hot” = “The kinetic energy is high.”
“I am happy” = “My brain is releasing dopamine into my neural synapses. “

22. Materialism 2. Reductive Materialism – a.k.a. Identity Theory
“I am cold” = “My kinetic energy is low”

23. Materialism 3. Eliminative Materialism
We can’t get a 1 for 1 matchup like in Identity Theory, because our ‘folk psychology’ is wrong.
I am hot, I am cold, I feel pain, are entirely wrong ways of phrasing the phenomenon they try to describe.
Thus, the old framework will be eliminated.

24. Materialism 3. Eliminative Materialism
Past Ideas
Humors
Witches
The “Starry Sphere”
Current Ideas
Sleep
Learning
Differences in Intelligence

25. Materialism 3. Eliminative Materialism
Eliminative Materialism is betting that neuroscience will entirely replace the way we talk about experience in ‘folk psychology’.
While Identity theory is betting that these explanations (I am hot, I feel pain) will easily transfer over to brain states.

26. Materialism 3. Eliminative Materialism
“I feel pain” = “I see the starry sphere of the heavens above us.”
“I feel hot” = “My humors are out of balance.”
Issue of language?
What does pain refer to?
Eliminative materialism argues -- nothing. Like witches or starry spheres.
Maybe ‘revisionary materialism’ is a better term?

27. Materialism 3. Eliminative Materialism
“I am cold” “My kinetic energy is low”

28. Materialism: 4. Functionalism
The essential feature of a mental state is a set of causal relations:
Environmental effects on the body.
Other mental states effect on each other.
Bodily Behavior (tired etc…).
This is like Behaviorism, but involves more components. Not just envirnonmental input in, behavior out. There are many types of causes—external inputs and internal causes--that lead to behaviors.

29. Materialism: 4. Functionalism
Pain comes from bodily damage or exhaustion but sometimes caused by other mental states, e.g. depression.
Not simply pain in- behavior out.

30. Materialism: 4. Functionalism
An alien could experience “pain” and function the same as a human, but have an entirely different genetic make-up.

31. Materialism: 4. Functionalism
Problems with Functionalism:
Inverted Spectrum and Qualia
Red1 vs. Red2
Absent qualia?

32. Materialism: 4. Functionalism
If I go get a blanket and turn up the heat, then “I am cold.” is true

33. What is thinking?
Make a list

34. Alan Turing “Can Machines Think?” Is there a difference between
[thinking & feeling] and [mimicking]?

35. The Turing Test
The Imitation Game A (woman) B (man) C (Interrogator)

37. AI/Hyper Realistic Androids:

38. The Chinese Room -John Searle

40. Thinking = Understanding ?

41. Watson:

42. Does Watson think?
5 reasons YES
5 reasons NO