1. ©2008 Armstrong International, Inc. Steam Basics

2. 2 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Steam Basics - Overview What is Steam?What is Steam? Why is Steam Used?Why is Steam Used? How Do We Create Steam?How Do We Create Steam? How Do We Identify Steam Properties?How Do We Identify Steam Properties? 2 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ®

3. 3 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® This Is Not Steam! Steam is a vapor form of water, and is colorless, tasteless, and odorless

4. What is Steam Used For? Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Energy From One Location to Another 4 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ®

5. Why Use Steam Steam is an efficient heat transfer medium Steam is easily controlled We have a lot of knowledge concerning steam We have already developed the equipment and expertise to design and install steam systems for many different applications

6. 6 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® How We Create Steam Steam is created by adding Heat Energy to water. Heat Energy is expressed in Btu’s. 1 Btu is the amount of Heat Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1  F.

7. 7 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® How We Create Steam The Heat Energy required to create steam has two forms: Sensible Heat Latent Heat

8. 8 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Heat Energy – Sensible Heat Sensible Heat is the amount of Heat Energy required to raise the temperature of water from 32°F to the boiling point (saturated liquid) at a given pressure –Sensible Heat raises the temperature of the water and can be sensed with a thermometer

9. 9 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® O PSIG 212  F. Heat Energy – Sensible Heat 1 lb. Water HEAT 1 Lb. of Saturated Water at Atmospheric Pressure Contains Atmospheric Pressure Contains 180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat

10. 10 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® 15 PSIG HEAT 250  F. 1 Lb. of Saturated Water at 15 PSIG Contains 218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat Adding Heat Energy – Sensible Heat

11. 11 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Heat Energy – Sensible Heat 60 PSIG HEAT 308  F. 1 Lb. of Saturated Water at 60 PSIG Contains 277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat

12. 12 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Heat Energy – Latent Heat Latent Heat is the amount of Heat Energy required to transform water at the boiling point (saturated liquid) to steam –Adding Latent Heat does not raise the temperature – saturated liquid and steam have the same temperature for a given pressure

13. 13 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® O PSIG 212  F. Adding Heat Energy – Latent Heat 1 lb. Steam HEAT 1 Lb. of Steam at Atmospheric Pressure Contains 970 Btu’s of Latent Heat

14. 14 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® 15 PSIG HEAT 250  F. Adding Heat Energy – Latent Heat 1 Lb. of Steam at 15 PSIG Contains 945 Btu’s of Latent Heat

15. 15 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Adding Heat Energy – Latent Heat 60 PSIG HEAT 308  F. 1 Lb. of Steam at 60 PSIG Contains 904 Btu’s of Latent Heat

16. 16 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® What is the Effect of Pressure? Increased Pressure: –Decreases the amount of Latent Heat –Increases the amount of Sensible Heat

17. 17 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® What is the Effect of Pressure? 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Latent Heat BTU/lb Sensible Heat BTU/lb 0 psig 15 pig 50 psig

18. 18 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® What Is The Effect Of Pressure? Increased Pressure: –Decreases the Specific Volume

19. 19 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® What Is The Effect Of Pressure? Increased Pressure: –Increases the Steam Temperature

20. 20 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® The Pressure / Temperature / Volume Relationship Latent Heat Sensible Heat Specific Volume Steam Pressure Steam Temperature

21. 21 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Identifying Steam Properties Steam Tables

22. 22 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Steam tables allow us to identify all of the important properties of steam, given either the steam temperature or the steam pressure

23. Example: Steam at 250 o F is at 15 psig, with 945 Btu’s/lb of Latent Heat Steam at 5 psig is at 228 o F, with 196 Btu’s/lb of Sensible Heat

24. 24 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Now That We’ve Made Steam What Do We Do With It

25. 25 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Since Steam is used to Transfer Heat Energy From One Location to Another...

26. 26 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® It only makes sense that we take the heat energy back out and use it to do work.

27. 27 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Removing Latent Heat Atmospheric Pressure Btu's 32 180 212 970 1150 212 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1 lb. of Steam at 212  F, with a TOTAL HEAT content of 1150 Btu/lb. – 970 Btu’s of LATENT HEAT = 1 lb. of boiling water (Saturated Liquid) at 212  F with a heat content of 180 BTU’s/lb.

28. Remember: The Latent Heat added at the boiler is what we have available to do work in our equipment BUT... When we remove Latent Heat we create Condensate 28 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ®

29. 29 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Latent Heat can be removed intentionally, in a piece of heat exchange equipment, or unintentionally, from radiation heat loss in piping

30. 30 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® What does this Unintentional Heat Loss Mean to your Steam System? 100 psig 337.9  F 50.3 psig 297.97  F PRV Trap Vent Condensate SteamVapor

31. 31 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® It Means: The Steam System is Constantly Being Filled With Water (Condensate)

32. 32 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® It Means: Your Steam System is Subject to Corrosion Subcooled Condensate + CO2 Forms Carbonic Acid ( CO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3 )

33. 33 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® It Means: Your Steam System is Subject to Water Hammer

34. 34 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® It Means: Your Heat Exchange Equipment is Less Efficient

35. 35 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® It Means: Your System Must Be Properly Piped

36. 36 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® It Means: Your Equipment Must Be Properly Trapped

37. 37 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ® Armstrong Promise We provide intelligent system solutions that improve utility performance, lower energy consumption, and reduce environmental emissions... while providing an “enjoyable experience”! 37 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ®

38. 38 “Expect many enjoyable experiences!” David M. Armstrong ®

39. ©2008 Armstrong International, Inc.