1. Work Day 1 Today we will: Discuss scientific writing
Practice use testing hypotheses with statistics
Work on writing proposals in groups

2. Quiz Questions Commonly Missed
#1) Features of adaptation.
Why are each of the following true?
The trait is caused by natural selection
The trait must be genetically determined
The trait can enhance the ability of an individual to cope with its environment
The process always takes more than one generation

3. Quiz Questions Commonly Missed
#2) Convergent Evolution.
Define the following:
Coevolution
Convergent Evolution

4. Quiz Questions Commonly Missed
#2) Convergent Evolution.
Define the following:
Coevolution
Convergent Evolution
Speciation
Maladaptation
Macroevolution
Both species exert selective pressures on the other causing evolution of trait(s) in each species in response to traits in the other species.
Ex: Mutualism
Predator-prey dynamics

5. Quiz Questions Commonly Missed
#2) Convergent Evolution.
Define the following:
Coevolution
Convergent Evolution
Evolution of same/similar trait NOT due to relatedness, instead due to similar selective pressures (environments)
Ex: aloe & agave plants
other exs?
Aloe
Agave

6. Quiz Questions Commonly Missed
#4) Hypothesis vs. Prediction
Hypothesis: Potential answer to question/observed phenomenon.
Prediction: Expected relationship between variables in hypothesis.

7. Quiz Questions Commonly Missed
#4) Hypothesis vs. Prediction
Hypothesis: Potential answer to question/observed phenomenon.
Prediction: Expected relationship between variables in hypothesis.
Q: Why do leaves of deciduous trees in the temperate zone change color in fall?
H or P?: Day length affects the production of chlorophyll (green pigment) via photosynthesis.
H or P?: As day length decreases, production of chlorophyll decreases, which results in a loss of green color.

8. Quiz Questions Commonly Missed
#5) Count vs. Continuous
Count data = whole numbers
ex: # of events, animals, plants, etc.
Continuous data = measures that vary along a continuum
numbers with decimal points
ex: height of tree, mass of animal

9. Objectives & Activities
Today we will:
Understand how to write a proposal through discussion & critique
Check our understanding of statistics
Make progress on writing group research project proposals
Today we will:
Understand how to write a proposal through discussion & critique
Check our understanding of 3 statistical tests in an exercise with pre-collected data. You’ll practice using all 3 tests we’ve talked about thus far.
Make progress toward completing the group research project proposal

10. Parts of a Journal Article

11. Parts of a journal article
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Proposal

12. Introduction Establishing context State your purpose
summarizing research
State your purpose
hypothesis, question, or problem
Briefly explain your rationale and possible outcomes

13. Materials and Methods Explain how you carried out your study
Organism studied
Description of the site
Experimental design
How data were analyzed
Do not include common supplies (i.e. test tubes, pipettes, nets, etc.)

14. Results Objectively present your key results WITHOUT interpretation
Organized around your Tables and or Figures

15. Discussion
Objective is to provide interpretation of your results and support your conclusions.
Explain the significance of your results.
You might discuss
alternate hypotheses
future studies
how your results fit in the broader literature

16. Example Proposal Discussion
Discuss in your group what worked/didn’t work (5 min)
Groups report out
1st person: 1 thing that worked & why
2nd person: 1 thing to improve & why
We’ll do 2 rounds so everyone will have a chance to speak

17. Constructing an Introduction
Broad
Specific

18. Article Analysis Feedback
Paraphrase instead of quoting
Use active voice more
Avoid “I think”, “I believe”
See pgs for exact citation expectations
In science, we support hypotheses; we do not prove hypotheses

19. Practicing Statistics (up to 30 min)
Materials:
Pgs
Excel sheet of data
- Work as a group.
- Each person will complete pgs to submit by end of class.
- For guidance, use pgs
Graphs must include:
Title
Axis labels, #s, units
Conclusion must include:
Statistical & Biological conclusion using test name & p-value (except for Regression, use R2)
Is there evidence for a relationship or difference?
Ex: Average tree height does not differ between trees in locations A and B because our calculated p-value of from a t-test is greater than the critical value of p=0.05.

20. Write Proposals Use pages 143-150
Specific requirements on pages
If you like, try GoogleDocs or Etherpad

21. Announcements Proposals due at beginning of next class
Read Lab 10: Functional Response
pgs