1. اعداد : فائق سعيد العلمي تحت اشراف : أ. ابراهيم سمور

2. central bank the entity responsible for the monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states. It is a bank that can lend money to other banks in times of need. Its primary responsibility is to maintain the stability of the national currency and money supply, but more active duties include controlling subsidized-loan interest rates, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector

3. central bank Some central banks are publicly owned, and others are privately owned. For example, the Reserve Bank of India is publicly owned and directly governed by the Indian government. Another example is the United States Federal Reserve, which is a quasi-public corporation. The major difference is that government owned central banks do not charge the taxpayers interest on the national currency, whereas privately owned central banks do charge interest.

4. Functions of a central bank implementing monetary policy controlling the nation's entire money supply the Government's banker and the bankers' bank ("leader of last resort") managing the country's foreign exchange and gold reserves and the Government's stock register

5. Functions of a central ban regulating and supervising the banking industry setting the official interest rate – used to manage both inflation and the country's exchange rate – and ensuring that this rate takes effect via a variety of policy mechanisms

6. Currency issuance Many central banks are "banks" in the sense that they hold assets (foreign exchange, gold, and other financial assets) and liabilities. A central bank's primary liabilities are the currency outstanding, and these liabilities are backed by the assets the bank owns.

7. Currency issuance Central banks generally earn money by issuing currency notes and "selling" them to the public for interest-bearing assets, such as government bonds. Since currency usually pays no interest, the difference in interest generates income, called seigniorage. In most central banking systems, this income is remitted to the government.

8. Naming of central banks many countries use the "Bank of Country “ (Bank of England, Bank of Canada, Bank of Russia ) Reserve" is also often included, such as the Reserve Bank of Australia, Reserve Bank of India, quasi- government

9. Interest rate interventions Typically a central bank controls certain types of short-term interest rates. These influence the stock- and bond markets as well as mortgage and other interest rates

10. Policy instruments open market operation reserve requirement interest rate policy re-lending and re-discount credit policy foreign exchange reserves government bonds

11. Policy instruments official gold reserves exchange rates