1. The PAU (BAO) Survey Enrique Fernandez UAB / IFAE Barcelona 43rd Recontres de Moriond (La Thuille, March08)

2. The PAU (Physics of the Accelerating Universe) Project Large (~8,000 dg 2, 0.1<z<0.9) photometric galaxy survey with purposely-built camera. Project has been proposed by 7 Spanish institution to a special program of the MEC (ministry of science). The team (40 persons) includes astrophysicists, cosmologist and particle physicists (experimenters and theorists). Funding (5 years) for the camera and other activities.

4. The PAU (Physics of the Accelerating Universe) Project Large (~8,000 dg 2, 0.1<z<0.9) photometric galaxy survey with purposely-built camera. Project has been proposed by 7 Spanish institution to a special program of the MEC (ministry of science). The team (40 persons) includes astrophysicists, cosmologist and particle physicists (experimenters and theorists). Funding (5 years) for the camera and other activities.

5. The PAU Project We still need to settle on -A telescope with a large fraction of the observing time (the goal is to complete the survey in 4 years). Several options being considered. - More collaborators (camera, survey itself,...).

6. The PAU Project Focus on measuring the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations peak, in both angular and radial directions. Simulations show that we can obtain a precision on z for LRG (luminous-red galaxies) of  z ~ 0.003 (1+z) There will be a wealth of other physics that can be studied with the survey data.

7. 7 Galaxy redshift surveys are used to measure the 3D clustering structure of matter: for BAO only need position and z, no flux, no shape. There can be several sources of systematic errors: –Light from galaxies is a “biased” estimator of matter content –Non-linear physics involved in galaxy formation –Redshift distortions However, all effects tend to predominantly change the amplitude of the correlations, but not the position of the measured acoustic peak BAO from Galaxy Redshift Surveys BAO are quite insensitive to systematic errors. In any case, the systematic errors are very different from those of SNe. But the effect is small only visible at large scales which leads to huge surveys.

8. BAO measured in SDSS data ( Eisenstein et al. 2005) h = H 0 / (100 km s -1 Mpc -1 ) ~ 0.7 3.5-  detection of BAO at = 0.35 (confirmed by 2DF and SDSS photometric surveys at about 2.5  ) or Based on 55000 “luminous red galaxies” from the SDSS spectroscopic galaxy survey

9. Dark energy and BAO BAO gives us a standard distance with a co-moving value r BAO ~ 100 Mpc/h (r BAO = 146.8±1.8 Mpc,  CDM) For a flat universe radialangular

10. Importance of measuring in the radial direction: Assume flat universe, w=constant and  m =.25 Error propagation:

11. 11 Cosmological Results from BAO SDSS BAO: Eisenstein et al. 2005 SNLS SNe: Astier et al. 2006

12. 12 P(k): power spectrum n: galaxy density Statistical errors on galaxy-galaxy correlation functions are determined by “sample variance” and “shot noise”. Sample variance: how many independent samples of the relevant scale (150 Mpc) 3 one has  volume Shot noise (Poisson): how many galaxies included in each sample  density Feldman, Kaiser, Peacock, ApJ 426,23 (1994) Size and resolution requirements

13. The required Volume and the required precision in z were studied with two detailed N-body dark matter simulations done by the MICE collaboration using the GADGET-2 code : (Fosalba, Castander, Gaztañaga,Manera, Miralda-Escudé, Baugh, Springel; http://www.ice.cat/mice) L box N part halo mass acronymMpc/hnumber10 11 M sun /h N halos MICE307230722048 3 >375 1.1x10 6 MICE153615361024 3 >47 2.1x10 6 LCDM model with  m =.25,   =.25,  b =.044, n s =.95,  8 =.8, h=.7; ns=2.4x10 11 M sun /h; L=50Kpc/h

14. 14 Size and resolution requirements For the scales of interest for PAU (LRGs, 0.1 10, so that the Poisson term is negligible. It can also be shown that: We aim at 1% error in  BAO  V=8h -3 Gpc 3  Area =8,000 deg 2 We expect about 14M LRG, with L>L* above I AB =22.5 in the sample.

15. 15 To study the required precision in z the two-point correlation function of over 1M halos with M>3.7x10 13 h -1 M sun was studied. The position of the halo was smeared with a Gaussian: Size and resolution requirements

16. Real space, perfect resolution z-space, perfect z-resolution + peculiar velocities z-space,  z = 0.003(1+z) + peculiar velocities z-space,  z = 0.03(1+z) + peculiar velocities Visual illustration of the importance of z resolution

17. linear corr. func. (b=3) non-linear (RPT; Crocce- Scocimarro, 2008)  z = 0.003 (1+z)  z = 0.007 (1+z) x  z = 0.03 (1+z) Curves are analytical predictions derived from P  (k t,k z )=P NL exp [-k z 2  z 2 ] Fosalba

18. Requirements on Redshift Precision  z / (1+z) H(z)H(z) dA(z)dA(z) spec photo Inverse of area of w 0 -w a error ellipse Padmanabhan

19. The PAU Survey Photometric survey. Target “Luminous Red Galaxies” as in many other surveys. These are old elliptical galaxies, which are very bright and have a characteristic spectrum with a prominent break at 4000Å. The position of the peak gives us z.

20. 20 Benítez The PAU Survey: use a filter system consisting of ~40 filters (100Å wide), plus two wide filters (similar to SDSS u and z)

21. survey at Calar Alto 20 filters Moles et al.

22. Expected z resolution From back-of-the-envelope calculation (assume step-function in flux, falling between two filters): for  =100Å filters  z = 0.003 (1+z) at z=0.9   f /F=0.12  S/N~12, which is achievable for LRG at this redshift.

23. Expected z resolution Much more elaborated simulation: -Exposure time calculator with observing conditions taken from several sites - CCDs as in DES (LBL CCDs) -Filters as in Alhambra -2m telescope; 6 deg 2 FoV camera -optimization of exposure times -Galaxies brighter than I AB =23 -Model for LRG Bruzual&Charlot (11Gyr, Z=0.2) -Photo-z’s from BPZ (Benítez)

24. Use odds parameter from BPZ photo-z method to eliminate badly determined z’s. z phot -z s /(1+z s ) In red the LRGs for which the odds is less than 0.5. The r.m.s. of the remaining LRGs is well within the 0.003(1+z) limit Benitez

25.  z r.m.s as a function of the true z Benitez

26. Spatial density of LRG with I AB <23 n(z) > 10 -3 (h/Mpc) 3

27. Telescope-camera system: 2m-class telescope with a ~ 6 deg 2 FoV camera  ~ 500 Mpixels with 0.40”/pixel  ~60 CCDs 2Kx4K. This is demanding but feasible. Alternative is to place camera in an existing (larger diameter) telescope of smaller aperture. Possibility of using dichroic mirrors also being explored. PAU instrument Conceptual design studies for a telescope with the required parameters exist (from industry), as well as cost estimates.

28. 28 Comparison with Other BAO Surveys Padmanabhan

29. 29 Dark Energy Parameters Miquel

30. Conclusions  For the measurement of BAO a resolution in z of the of  (z) = 0.003 (1+z) is close to optimal.  A survey of 8,000 deg 2, from 0.1<z<0.9 will give ~ 14 M LRG. From this sample the BAO scale can be measured both in the angular and radial (z) directions to 1%. This results in a substantial improvement of standard cosmological parameters, making it a competitive survey with respect to those being planned at present.  This precision can be obtained photometrically with a multi-filter system of about ~40 filters, 100Å wide.

31. Back up

32. 32

35. Dark energy and BAO At z>>1000 the universe was made of dark matter (DM), neutrinos and a highly- coupled relativistic photon-“baryon” (protons and electrons) gas. Any initial over-density (in DM, neutrinos and gas) creates an overpressure that launches a spherical pressure (sound) wave in the gas. This wave travels outwards at the speed of sound in the gas, c s = c / √3 At recombination, z ~ 1100 (t ~ 350 000 yr), pressure-providing photons decouple and free-stream to us (CMB). Sound speed of baryons falls rapidly and the wave stalls at a radius of ~150 Mpc (fixed by CMB measurements). Over-density in the original center (DM) and in the shell (gas) both seed the formation of galaxies. Preferred separation of galaxies is 150 Mpc → standard ruler

36. D. Eisenstein, http://cmb.as.arizona.edu/~eisenste/acousticpeak/ Animation of Propagation of Density Perturbations

37. D. Eisenstein, http://cmb.as.arizona.edu/~eisenste/acousticpeak/ Animation of Propagation of Density Perturbations

38. D. Eisenstein, http://cmb.as.arizona.edu/~eisenste/acousticpeak/ Density Perturbations Mass profile (density  r 2 ) Density profile