1. FROZEN FROGS!! 6 1 2

2. 3 4 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA

3. ABIOTIC FACTORS: TEMPERATURE

4. MACROCLIMATE

5. MICROCLIMATE 7

6. Altitude Effects

7. Aspect Effects Big Bend National Park – Chisos Mountains North South

8. Vegetation Effects Fig. 4.3 in Molles 2008

9. Ground Color Effects

10. Boulders, Burrow, Snags, etc.

11. Fig. 5.6 in Molle 2008 TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR VERSUS SOIL (Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge)

12. TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

13. Fig. 5.2 in Molles 2008 TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

14. Specific Heat of Water: It takes 1 cal of energy to heat 1 cm 3 of water 1 o C Specific Heat of Air: It takes.0003 cal of energy to heat 1 cm 3 of air 1 o C A) Specific Heat THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

15. B) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Evaporization Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe National Monument, AZ Evaporating Water Absorbs a Tremendous Amount of Heat Energy THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER (Cooling Effect on Surroundings)

16. C) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Fusion Freezing Water Releases a Tremendous Amount of Energy THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER (Warming Effect on Surroundings)

17. Lake Effect Snow

18. Lake Effect Cold, dry air passing over “warm” water picks up water vapor and heat,forming clouds Clouds encounter colder land mass, rain or snow results

19. COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION: an anatomical, physiological or behavioral characteristic that improves a population’s ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.

20. ADAPTATION: Result from Evolutionary Processes (Populations) Reproductive Output Exceeds Capacity of Environment

21. ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES (Populations) Variation

22. ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES (Populations) Intraspecific Competition

23. THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA

24. Figs. 5.15, 5.14 in Molles 2008 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA: Sulphur Oxidase Function PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA: Population Growth Rate

25. (Sceloporus undulatus) MEI = C – F - U METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE (MEI)

26. Fig. 5.11 in Molles 2008

27. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

28. Boreal Moss Desert Shrub

29. Fig. 5.12 in Molles 2008

30. RAINBOW TROUT O o – 4 o C 20 o C

31. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

32. Fig. 5.9 in Molles 2008

33. ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE

34. PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION As a Population Adapts to a Set of Environmental Conditions, its Fitness in Other Environments is Reduced Levins, “Evolution in Changing Environments”

35. Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) Single Culture Grown at 37 o C Grown at 32 o C, 37 o C, and 42 o C 2,000 Generations

36. Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) 2,000 Generations Cultures Adapted to 32 o C, 37 o C, 42 o C Grown at 20 o C

37. Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) Fig. 5.8 in Molles 2008

38. ACCLIMATION: Physiological (Not Genetic) Adjustment to change in environmental factor within one organism

39. Grown in Cold Environment Grown in Hot Environment

40. Fig. 5.13 in Molles 2008

41. HEAT EXCHANGE

42. Fig. 5.16 in Molles 2008

43. H s : H cd : H cv : H e : H m : H r :

44. Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants Desert Marigold

45. Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants

46. Alpine Chickweed Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants

48. Temperature Regulation: Animals

49. ECTOTHERMS: Rely on external sources of energy to regulate temperature (= Poikilotherms)

50. ECTOTHERMS: COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURES

51. Clear-Winged Grasshopper (and Grasshopper Fungus)

52. Fig. 5.19 in Molles 2008

53. Grasshopper Fungus Fig. 5.23 in Molles 2008

54. ENDOTHERMS: Relies on internal sources of energy to regulate temperature (= Homeotherms)

55. THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE Fig. 5.24 in Molles 2008

56. OUTSIDE THE THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE?

58. THERMOREGULATION: Countercurrent Circulation Fig. 5.25 in Molles 2008

59. TORPOR ESTIVATION HIBERNATION INACTIVITY

60. 1 http://www.fws.gov/northeast/heinz/WoodFrog.jpg 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rana-sylvatica_ Range.gif 3 http://lh4.ggpht.com/_Vq0r3B8C7zE/RtNYRq_6hRI/AAAAAAAAAho/ CYGN99pAAOg/DSC_0382.JPG 4 http://compost.css.cornell.edu/gifs/3.gif 5 http://http-server.carleton.ca/~kbstorey/ftverts_files/image020.jpg 6 http://www.phorwood.demon.co.uk/wood_frog_-_frozen.jpg 7 http://216.70.123.96/images/uploads/Shelby1.jpg 8 http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/physicalsci/images/s7.thermometer.jpg