1. Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012

2. Lecture Outline I. A brief history of medicinal plants II. Plants in modern medicine A. Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) as a heart remedy B. The fever bark tree (Cinchona ledgeriana) and quinine as a remedy for malaria C. Willow bark (Salix spp.) and aspirin D. Plant-based cancer drugs III. Herbal remedies A. Ephedra B. St. Johnswort C. Ginkgo biloba

3. A Brief History of Medicinal Plants Apuleius, Herbal, 11th century, c. 1070-1100 England, St. Augustine's abbey, Canterbury

4. Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, 1770 B.C. The code mentions medicinal plants that are still in use today, including licorice and mint.

5. The Ebers Papyrus Egypt, 1550 B.C. 700 medicinal formulas, including mandrake for pain relief, cannabis, and aloe.

6. Dioscorides, 1st century A.D.

7. Anaesthetics mentioned in Dioscorides’s Materia Medica

8. Plates from a 12th century edition of Materia Medica

9. Ps. Apuleius, Herbal, 11th century, c. 1070-1100 England, St. Augustine's abbey, Canterbury

10. Doctrine of Signatures Paracelsus 1493-1541

11. Plants in Modern Medicine Foxglove: Digitalis purpurea (Snapdragon Family)

12. William Withering 1741-1799 An Account of the Foxglove and Some of Its Medical Uses: With Practical Remarks on Dropsy and Other Diseases, 1785

13. 1928 - The glycosides digitoxin and digitalis were isolated. These have been determined to have a strong effect on the heart muscle.

14. Congestive Heart Failure

15. Digitalis purpurea Foxglove

16. 2-3 million people die each year from malaria (at least 1 million deaths are young children). Malaria Map of Malaria-Endemic Areas from CDC

17. Malaria

18. Malaria statistics are chilling: nearly 1 million people die from malaria each year in Africa alone, mostly children younger than 5 years old. Which one of the following causes malaria? A. breathing air from swamps B. Anopheles mosquitoes C. Plasmodium protozoans D. living in tropical regions E. a sexually-transmitted virus Clicker Question

19. Anopheles mosquito Plasmodium falciparum

20. Mid-17 th century Jesuit missionaries in South America discovered that indigenous peoples used a remedy made from the bark of cinchona, a tree in the coffee family. The Incans called it quina, from whence we get quinine.

21. Cinchona calisaya Fever Tree (Rubiaceae - the coffee family)

22. Cinchona bark, ground to make “Jesuit Powder.” Oliver Cromwell, died of malaria in 1658

23. Quinine, an alkaloid, the active ingredient in cinchona. It kills the parasite in the bloodstream.

24. Salix alba L. Aspirin The most widely used medicine in the world:

25. Plant-Based Cancer Drugs

26. Rosy Periwinkle - (Catharanthus roseus), effective in the treatment of childhood leukemia

27. Mitosis - cell division mitotic spindle

28. Pacific Yew, Taxus brevifolia, a potent anti-tumorogenic Taxol

29. Medicinal Plants on the Fringe: Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicine

30. Ephedra antisyphilitica clapweed, whorehouse tea, Mormon tea

31. Ephedra, source of ephedra, or ma-huang

32. FDA News FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE February 6, 2004 FDA Issues Regulation Prohibiting Sale of Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids and Reiterates Its Advice That Consumers Stop Using These Products

33. St. Johnswort

34. (Linde et al. British Medical Journal, 1996) St. Johnswort, effective in the treatment of minor depression

35. herbal supplement (increases circulation) Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo