1. Chapter 16.4

2.  1400s  Portuguese explored African Coast  Built small forts  Trade for gold  Collect food and water  Repair ships  Lacked power to push into interior  Attacked coastal cities of E Africa  Mombasa  Malindi  Hubs of international trade  Expelled Arabs and took over

3.  By 1600- sunk into poverty  Trade with interior dwindled  Dutch, English, French built forts  Exchanged muskets, tools and cloth for gold, ivory, hides, and slaves

4.  1500s  Europeans: slaves most important item in African trade  Slaves  Existed all over the world since ancient times  Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Persians, Indians, Aztecs all enslaved defeated foes  “Slave” comes from the word Slav  Large # of Slavs taken from S Russia to work as unpaid laborers in Roman times  Arab empire used captives from Africa as slaves  Worked on farming or large-scale irrigation projects  Artisans, soldiers, merchants  Some rose to prominence in Muslim world

5.  Atlantic slave trade began to fill need for laborers in Spain’s American empire  Over 300 years, grew to profitable business  10,000+ slaves per year  Work on tobacco and sugar plantations  Europeans seldom went into interior  Relied on African rulers to seize captives in interior and bring them to the coast  Captives exchanged for textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons, gunpowder  Slave trade intensified as demand increased

6.  3-legged trade network  First leg  Merchant ships brought goods to Africa to be traded for slaves  Second leg: Middle Passage  Slaves transported to West Indies  Exchanged for sugar, molasses, other products  Third leg  Products shipped to Europe or American colonies  Port cities that depended on slave trade  Nantes, France  Bristol, England  Salem, Massachusetts

7.  Hundreds of Africans packed below the decks of slave ships  “Floating coffins”  ½ died on board  Some resisted or tried to seize ship  1-6 month journey  depending on weather  Male captives chained together in pairs to save space

9.  Fed beans, corn, yams, rice, palm oil  One meal a day with water  If food was scarce, slaveholders got priority over slaves  Some refused to eat  Force fed with speculum orim- device that held the mouth open  Most shackled throughout journey  Went to the bathroom where they lay

11.  Very little air ventilation  Disease and starvation  Depression  Led to force feedings, lashings  Suicide frequent occurrence

12.  Some African leaders tried to slow/stop trade  In the end, system that supported trade was too strong  Affonso I: Ruler of Kongo  Developed Kongo into modern Christian state  “It is our will that in these Kingdoms there should not be any trade of slaves nor outlet for them”  Trade in human lives is evil  Ruler of Northern Senegal  Futa Toro  Forbade sale of slaves in his ports  Returned gifts from sea captains  French found a new route to bypass them

13.  Estimated 20 million slaves sent to Americas  An additional 20 million died in Middle Passage  Stopped in mid-1800s  Caused decline of some African states, rise of others  Some small states disappeared forever  New states arose whose way of life depended on the slave trade  War waged between kingdoms for control

14.  Oyo, Bornu, Dahomey  Asante kingdom in Ghana  Right to rule came “from heaven”  Monopoly over gold industry and slave trade  Played European rivals against each other

15.  1700-1800s  Islamic revival  North, West and East Africa  Social and religious reforms based on Sharia law  Wars quieted  Literacy increased  Trade improved  1780-1880  12+ Islamic leaders rose to power

16.  Bantu-speaking people migrated to S Africa  1652: Dutch immigrants arrived  Built Cape Town  Ousted or enslaved herders  Boers  Calvinist belief that they were chosen of God  Looked on Africans as inferiors

17.  Migrated to S Africa  Major force  Waged war on nearby peoples  Absorbed them into his regiments  Encouraged them to forget differences  Pride in Zulu kingdom  Threatened by Boers

18.  1815  Cape Colony passed from Dutch to British  Resented British laws that abolished slavery  Escaped rule by joining Boer families in moving north  “Great Trek”  Came across Zulus  Fighting broke out  Struggle raged until end of century