2. Nubian Culture: 6000B.C.E. - 1500C.E. Geography: junction of Blue and White Nile between 3rd & 6th cataract Avenue of Ideas: spread to Egypt> monarchy, totem, smelting

5. Nubian Kings Piankhi: –led conquest of Egypt –combined ruler of Egypt & Nubia Taharka: –defeated Assyrians –mentioned in bible –revived architecture & literature

6.  Candace: Title for Nubian Queen  Amarenas: One Eyed Candace  Defeated the Romans

7. Reasons for decline of Nubia drought rise in Kingdom of Axum Christian Nubia joined in alliance with Crusaders conquered by Islamic Empire

9. Axum

12. Axum Later became Abyssinia, then Ethiopia 3,000,000 B.C.E. > Lucy or Dinknesh discovered in Eastern Ethiopia

13. Stone Hewn Churches at Lalibela

17. 1 st Century C.E. > Christianity spreads to Axum

18. Celebration at Timkat

20. Attack & Isolation 1540 > Muslim attack on Abyssinia fails, but they lose control of port cities on east coast 1880 ’s Abyssinia remained independent while rest of Africa colonized

29. Griot  Keepers of memories, oral historians  bards>combine history, music, poetry, dance, drama kept & passed on mental record of coronations, births, deaths, marriages, battles, etc.

30. Kingdom of Ghana Salt Mines  City of Taghaza = major salt producing center of the Sahara  salt mines = forced labor by slaves (criminals or captives from war)  life expectancy in the mines = 2 years

31. Ghana’s Blacksmiths mastery of metal work in iron & gold  revered & feared as powerful magicians, (the power over the elements of the earth)  closed & secret society  forge called “fan”, means cosmic egg from which all life was born  forge >  four basic elements Fire, air, water, earth

33. Timbuktu Commercial Center seat of Islamic learning and culture largest city in Mali & Songhai Empires

34. Mansa Musa 1307-1332 rebuilt capital, Timbuktu pilgrimage to Mecca, 1324 established universities

36. Weavers of Mali Respected & feared like Ghana’s blacksmiths loom symbolic of nature believed the gods sent spider to teach mankind magic of weaving Anansi, the spider, major character in West African mythology

37. Songhai or Songhay Empire Began in 7th century along Niger river. great trading cities of Gao, Djenné, and Timbuktu. B1

38. Askia Muhammad king 1493-1528 pilgrimage to Mecca Transformed Songhai into an Islamic kingdom

39. African Civilizations Were as advanced as European civilizations during the Middle Ages Stressed extended family ties Were based on oral tradition Were often matrilineal Were weakened & destroyed by the slave trade during the 1500 ’s