1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ninth edition TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings TERMINOLOGY  Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease.  Immunity: Ability to ward off disease.  Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen.  Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Host Defenses: OR WHAT WE ARE BORN WITH Figure 16.1 OR THE ABILITY TO MAKE THEM

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Factors  Skin  Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with  Keratin, a protective protein

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Factors  Mucous membranes  Ciliary escalator: Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs.  Lacrimal apparatus: Washes eye.  Saliva: Washes microbes off.  Urine: Flows out.  Vaginal secretions: Flow out. Figure 16.4a

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Factors  Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum.  Low pH (3-5) of skin.  Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids.  Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice.  Transferrins in blood find iron.

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Normal Microbiota  Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion: Normal microbiota compete with pathogens.

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements in Blood Table 16.1 (1 of 2)

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 16.1 (2 of 2) Formed Elements in Blood

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neutrophils60-70% Basophils0.5-1% Eosinophils2-4% Monocytes3-8% Lymphocytes20-25% Differential White Cell Count  Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells.

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings White Blood Cells  Neutrophils: Phagocytic  Basophils: Produce histamine  Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis  Dendritic cells: Initiate adaptive immune response  Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature macrophages  Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi  Wandering macrophages roam tissues.  Lymphocytes: Involved in specific immunity. PLAY Animation: Host Defenses

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phagocytosis  Phago: from Greek, meaning eat  Cyte: from Greek, meaning cell  Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes. Figure 16.6

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phagocytosis Figure 16.7

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inhibit adherence: M protein, capsules Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae Kill phagocytes: LeukocidinsStaphylococcus aureus Lyse phagocytes: Membrane attack complex Listeriamonocytogenes Escape phagosomeShigella Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion HIV Survive in phagolysosomeCoxiella burnetti Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis PLAY Animation: Phagocytosis

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammation  Redness  Pain  Heat  Swelling (edema)  Acute-phase proteins activated (complement, cytokine, and kinins)  Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes)  Margination and emigration of WBCs  Tissue repair

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HistamineVasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels KininsVasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels ProstaglandinsIntensity histamine and kinin effect LeukotrienesIncreased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment Chemicals Released by Damaged Cells

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammation Figure 16.8a–b

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammation PLAY Animation: Inflammation Figure 16.8c–d

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fever: Abnormally High Body Temperature  Hypothalamus normally set at 37°C.  Gram-negative endotoxin cause phagocytes to release interleukin–1 (IL–1).  Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a high temperature.  Body increases rate of metabolism and shivering which raise temperature.  When IL–1 is eliminated, body temperature falls (crisis).

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fever  Advantages  Increase transferrins  Increase IL–1 activity  Disadvantages  Tachycardia  Acidosis  Dehydration

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Complement System  Serum proteins activated in a cascade. Figure 16.9

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Effects of Complement Activation  Opsonization or immune adherence: Enhanced phagocytosis.  Membrane attack complex: Cytolysis.  Attract phagocytes. Figure 16.10

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Effects of Complement Activation Figure 16.11

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classical Pathway Figure 16.12

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alternative Pathway Figure 16.13

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some Bacteria Evade Complement  Capsules prevent C activation.  Surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent MAC formation.  Enzymatic digestion of C5a. PLAY Animation: The Complement System

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interferons (IFNs)  Alpha IFN and Beta IFN: Cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.  Gamma IFN: Causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria.

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interferons (IFNs) Figure 16.15

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Innate Immunity  Transferrins  Bind serum iron  Antimicrobial peptides  Lyse bacterial cells