1. ECON107 Principles of Microeconomics Week 12 NOVEMBER 2013 1 12w/11/2013 Dr. Mazharul Islam Chapter-11

2. 11 OUTPUT AND COSTS Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013

3. Lesson Objectives  Examine what items are included in a firm’s costs of production.  Analyze the link between a firm’s production process and its total costs.  Learn the meaning of average total cost and marginal cost and how they are related.  Consider the shape of a typical firm’s cost curves. 3 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013

4. Short-Run Cost fixed costsvariable costs  A firm’s total cost (TC) is the cost of all resources used. Costs of production may be divided into fixed costs and variable costs.  Total fixed cost (TFC) is the cost of the firm’s fixed inputs. Fixed costs do not change with output. 4 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013

5. Short-Run Cost  Total variable cost (TVC) is the cost of the firm’s variable inputs. Variable costs do change with output.  Total cost equals total fixed cost plus total variable cost. That is: TC = TFC + TVC 5 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013

6. 6 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Quantity Costs (dollars) TC Total Cost Fixed Cost TVC Variable Cost TFC Combining TVC With TFC to get Total Cost

7. 7 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Figure shows a firm’s total cost curves. Total fixed cost is the same at each output level. Total variable cost increases as output increases. Total cost, which is the sum of TFC and TVC also increases as output increases.

8. Short-Run Cost Total Fixed Costs = Total costs – Total Variable costs ( TFC = TC – TVC) Average fixed cost (AFC) is total fixed cost per unit of output. 8 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Average Fixed Costs (AFC) = Total Fixed Costs Total Quantity (output)

9. Short-Run Cost Total Variable Costs = Total costs – Total Variable costs ( TVC = TC – TFC) Average variable cost (AVC) is total variable cost per unit of output. 9 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Average Variable Costs (AVC) = Total Variable Costs Total Quantity (output)

10. Short-Run Cost Average total cost (ATC) is total cost per unit of output.  OR ATC = AFC + AVC 10 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Total Cost = Total Fixed + Variable Costs Average Total Cost (ATC) = Total Costs Total Quantity (output) Marginal Cost (MC) = Change in Total Costs Change in Quantity

11. Short-Run Cost 11 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013  Figure shows AFC and, AVCcurves.  The AFC curve shows that average fixed cost falls as output increases. The AVC curve is U-shaped. As output increases, average variable cost falls to a minimum and then increases.

12. Short-Run Cost 12 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013  The ATC curve is also U-shaped. The MC curve is very special. The outputs over which AVC is falling, MC is below AVC. The outputs over which AVC is rising, MC is above AVC. The output at which AVC is at the minimum, MC equals AVC.

13. Short-Run Cost 13 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Similarly, the outputs over which ATC is falling, MC is below ATC. The outputs over which ATC is rising, MC is above ATC. At the minimum ATC, MC equals ATC.

14. Short-Run Cost 14 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Why AVC Curve Is U-Shaped  The AVC curve is U-shaped because:  Initially, marginal product exceeds average product, which brings rising average product and falling AVC.  Eventually, marginal product falls below average product, which brings falling average product and rising AVC.  The ATC curve is U-shaped for the same reasons. In addition, ATC falls at low output levels because AFC is falling steeply.

15. Short-Run Cost 15 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Cost Curves and Product Curves  The shapes of a firm’s cost curves are determined by the technology it uses:  MC is at its minimum at the same output level at which marginal product is at its maximum.  When marginal product is rising, marginal cost is falling.  AVC is at its minimum at the same output level at which average product is at its maximum.  When average product is rising, average variable cost is falling.

16. Short-Run Cost 16 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013  Figure 11.6 shows these relationships.

17. Short-Run Cost 17 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Shifts in Cost Curves  The position of a firm’s cost curves depend on two factors:  Technology  Prices of factors of production

18. Short-Run Cost 18 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Technology  Technological change influences both the productivity curves and the cost curves.  An increase in productivity shifts the average and marginal product curves upward and the average and marginal cost curves downward.  If a technological advance brings more capital and less labor into use, fixed costs increase and variable costs decrease.  In this case, average total cost increases at low output levels and decreases at high output levels.

19. Short-Run Cost 19 Dr. Mazharul Islam 12w/11/2013 Prices of Factors of Production  An increase in the price of a factor of production increases costs and shifts the cost curves.  An increase in a fixed cost shifts the total cost (TC ) and average total cost (ATC ) curves upward but does not shift the marginal cost (MC ) curve.  An increase in a variable cost shifts the total cost (TC ), average total cost (ATC ), and marginal cost (MC ) curves upward.

20. Now it’s over for today. Do you have any question? 20 Dr. Mazharul Islam 5w/9/2013