1. The Carbon Cycle

2. Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate system Why is it important? 1. CO 2 regulates temperature of the planet 2. Important for life in the ocean 3. Regulates the pH of water

3. 100 ppm

4. TEMPERATURE CO 2 1-6°C

5. CO 2 Temperature 80 ppm Glacial-interglacial CO 2 and temperature change

6. CO 2 changes in the last 300 yr 100 ppm Industrial Revolution

7. CO 2 changes in the last 50 yr: the Keeling curve Oceans Biosphere Rock Weathering

8. How much CO 2 can you sink in the ocean? Process that control CO 2 absorption in the ocean Chemical Biological Physical Carbon Cycle

10. CO 2 O2O2 pH acidbasic

11. Dissolved Gases in the Ocean Oxygen profile

12. CO 2 O2O2 pH

13. The Carbonate System from dissolution of Calcium Carbonate from dissolved CO 2 gas sources of inorganic carbon

14. CO 2 in the ocean

15. Total dissolved inorganic carbon this is very small not found in this form Total dissolved inorganic carbon

16. Total dissolved inorganic carbon formation and decomposition of organic matter (1) from dissolution of Calcium Carbonate (2)

17. Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate Ion Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate system Carbonate

18. Distribution of Carbon species in water + -

19. CO 2 changes in the last 50 yr Oceans Biosphere Rock Weathering

20. What control the absorption of Carbon Dioxide in the ocean? How can we measure it? The carbonate system chemistry in seawater The concept of alkalinity, pH …

21. Strong base cations Strong acid anions Alkalinity: is the net molar concentration, in charge- equivalents, of the cations of strong bases in excess of the anions of strong acids Def:

22. Strong base cations What happens to this balance? Strong acid anions

23. Total dissolved inorganic carbon Calcium Carbonate dissolution and formation (2) +alkalinity -alkalinity Total dissolved inorganic carbon

24. Alkalinity can be measured by titration

25. What happens if I add or remove CO2 by photosynthesis and respiration?

26. Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate Ion Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate system Carbonate

27. Total dissolved inorganic carbon Calcium Carbonate dissolution and formation (2) +alkalinity -alkalinity formation and decomposition of organic matter (1) +acid - acid

29. Carbon Cycle

30. Ocean acidification: What corals are dying to tell us slides from Ken Caldeira

32. A cautionary tale from 65Ma: the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction -huge comet blasts Yucatan -releases S into atmosphere -acid rain falls on ocean for 1-2 years -ALL surface calcifiers die for 2 million years!

33. We are changing CO2 rates faster than the geologic past

34. CO 3 2- is becoming a rare commodity

35. The surface ocean changes will lead deep ocean changes

36. Corals are being pushed out of their preferred saturation state

37. …and they are the most sensitive to changes in saturation state