1. LEDPIDOPTERA Butterflies, moths, and skippers

2. LEDPIDOPTERA Lepis: scales Ptera: wings Complete Larva: chewing 2 pair Covered with scales (powdery) Butterfly: hold wings vertically Moth: flat, roof-like, or curled around body

3. LEDPIDOPTERA Bacillus thurengiensis (Bt) Butterfly is diurnal (day) Pupa referred to as chrysalis Moth is nocturnal (nocturnal) Pupa in silken cocoon or leaf litter

4. BAGWORM Larva-in-a-bag Bag is silk and foliage/debris

5. BAGWORM Adults do not feed Female: wingless, grublike; never leaves bag Lays eggs in bag then dies (1000 eggs/bag)

6. BAGWORM Male: small, brown clear wing moth Mates, dies

7. BAGWORM HOST Mostly conifers (junipers and arborvitae) Some deciduous

8. BAGWORM DAMAGE Skeletonizer of foliage

9. BAGWORM MONITOR Visual inspection for bags in June

11. BAGWORM CONTROL Handpick and destroy Parasitic wasp provide control, often after damage done Pheromone used to disrupt mating

12. AZALEA CATERPILLAR

13. HOST Azaleas

14. AZALEA CATERPILLAR DAMAGE Defoliate branch Feed in large groups at end of branches in late summer

15. AZALEA CATERPILLAR MONITOR Visually inspect in late July Tend to repeat on same hosts

16. AZALEA CATERPILLAR CONTROL Prune or handpick

22. WEBWORMS Fall webworm: web at end of branches in July to fall

23. WEBWORMS Tent caterpillar: web in crotches in spring

24. WEBWORMS Mimosa webworm: upstate on mimosa and honeylocust

25. Spiders

28. WEBWORMS HOSTS Just about anything woody Prunus species, pecans especially

29. WEBWORMS DAMAGE Defoliates branches Mainly visual

30. WEBWORMS MONITORING Visually inspect plants

31. WEBWORMS CONTROL Pruning or remove nest Difficult to penetrate nest for other control

34. GYPSY MOTH Dark larva with red dots Adult: white female with inverted V Introduced from Europe in 1887 –Escaped from silkworm research

35. GYPSY MOTH HOST Most serious pest of NE deciduous plants

36. GYPSY MOTH

37. DAMAGE Complete defoliation by larva Feed at night, crawl down to hide in bark and litter Weakens host… susceptible to other pests

38. GYPSY MOTH MONITORING Burlap wrap of trunk to count larvae

39. GYPSY MOTH MONITORING Pheromone traps Egg mass counts in winter http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=N-3-hIj-6cshttp://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=N-3-hIj-6cs

40. GYPSY MOTH CONTROL Predator and fungus release –SuccessSuccess –The dramatic decline of the gypsy moth population in New Jersey is due to the combination of effective treatments in spring of 2009 and the impacts of predatory parasites and natural fungus that kill gypsy moth caterpillars, according to Douglas Fisher, the state’s agriculture secretary.

41. LEAFROLLERS Indistinct green larva Roll leaves or tie leaves together for protection

42. LEAFROLLERS HOST Sweetgums (tiers), canna (rollers)…

43. Vinca Leaf Roller

44. COLEOPTERA beetles and weevils

45. COLEOPTERA Coleos: sheath Ptera: wing Complete Chewing Wings: –Front: hardened (elytra), not for flight –Back: membranous Larva are grubs

46. WHITE GRUBS C-shaped larva Several different species are a pest

47. WHITE GRUBS Identify species by rastral pattern

48. WHITE GRUBS Identify species by rastral pattern

49. WHITE GRUBS

50. Weevils are legless white grubs

51. WHITE GRUBS HOST Turf Lush, high irrigation and fertilization Many are harmless, feed on OM

52. WHITE GRUBS DAMAGE Consume roots in late summer Water stress spots in mid-August

53. WHITE GRUBS MONITOR Direct sample (8 to 12 grubs / sq ft) Pull water stressed spots in August –Mole crickets?

54. WHITE GRUBS CONTROL Milky spore, Japanese beetle only

55. JAPANESE BEETLE Larva: white grub The grub was introduced in 1916 from Japan on Iris roots

56. JAPANESE BEETLE

58. HOST Larva: turf roots Adult: rose, Prunus, maple, other woody plants…

60. JAPANESE BEETLE DAMAGE Larva: feed on turf roots Adult: June to September

61. JAPANESE BEETLE DAMAGE Tissue between veins (young leaves) Lacey symptoms

62. JAPANESE BEETLE DAMAGE Also eat fruit and blossoms

63. JAPANESE BEETLE MONITOR Pheromone traps Branch beating adults

64. JAPANESE BEETLE CONTROL Larva: Milky spore disease, nematodes, insecticide Established woody can tolerate

65. WEEVILS Snouts beetles Many flightless (elytra fused) Larva: legless grubs

66. WEEVILS HOST Whitefringed beetle: Azalea Palmetto weevil: Palms Other weevils, most other woody plants…

67. WEEVILS Whitefringed beetle

68. WEEVILS DAMAGE: Whitefringed beetle Adults: notched symptoms on foliage in July

69. WEEVILS CONTROL: Whitefringed beetle Plants tolerant in Lowcountry

73. WEEVILS Palmetto weevil

74. WEEVILS DAMAGE: Palmetto weevil Dying or weak palm gives off scent Male locates susceptible palm, releases pheromone

75. WEEVILS DAMAGE: Palmetto weevil Larva feeds on crown “Breaks” the neck http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWlt kUZgZPchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWlt kUZgZPc

78. WEEVILS CONTROL: Palmetto weevils Insecticides no good once infested Cut down before adult emerges Mass trapping and sanitation

79. BARK BEETLES Size of rice Dark, red, brown, or black Southern Pine Beetle

81. BARK BEETLES Vectors blue stain fungus

82. BARK BEETLES Larvae tunnel called galleries (packed with frass)

83. BARK BEETLES HOST Pine, spruce… Plants in weakened state (predisposed) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_5t BnvCj3shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_5t BnvCj3s

84. BARK BEETLES DAMAGE Larvae tunnel through the phloem Pitch around boring holes Sawdust below Further weaken host

85. BARK BEETLES DAMAGE European Elm Bark Beetle –1904 in Boston Attacks American Elms and introduces spores of the Dutch Elm Disease (DED)

88. BARK BEETLES

93. MONITORING Declining branches –Break open Pheromone traps

94. Pheromone Repellent http://www.forestrydistributing.com/en/ verbenone-pine-beetle-repellent- pouch-retailhttp://www.forestrydistributing.com/en/ verbenone-pine-beetle-repellent- pouch-retail

95. BARK BEETLES CONTROL Avoid unseasoned firewood storage near hosts –Cover with plastic for several months Destroy infected branches Systemic insecticides do NOT work once there are symptoms Some resistant varieties, such as Valley Forge American elm

96. BORERS Flathead borers Legless grub

97. BORERS Flathead borers Metallic adults (copper, blue, green) Steamlined, bullet shaped Grooved wings

98. BORERS Flathead borers

99. BORERS Roundhead borers

100. BORERS Roundhead borers Long antennae (long horn beetles)Long antennae (long horn beetles)

101. BORERS HOST Predisposed trees Mostly deciduous Rarely attack healthy host

102. BORERS DAMAGE Larvae bore throughout tree Finish off dying host

103. Squash Borer

107. BORERS MONITOR Limb dieback Boring holes wet or oozing

108. BORERS (179) MONITOR Limb dieback Boring holes wet or oozing

110. BORERS CONTROL Avoid unseasoned firewood storage near hosts Destroy infected branches Systemic insecticides do NOT work http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SS t1kNMahEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SS t1kNMahE

111. TWIG BEETLES Twig borer Lay eggs in twig and introduce Ambrosia fungus Larva feed on fungus Pupate in twig before winter

112. TWIG BEETLES Twig borer HOST Southern Magnolia, redbud, dogwood…

114. TWIG BEETLES Twig borer DAMAGE Small branches wilting and dying Hole located at base Does not harm the health on host

115. Red Bay Ambrosia Beetle Decimating red bay trees Red bay wilt (closely related to DED) http://okeechobee.if as.ufl.edu/News%2 0columns/Red.Bay. htmhttp://okeechobee.if as.ufl.edu/News%2 0columns/Red.Bay. htm

116. Red Bay Ambrosia Beetle Discoloration of outer sapwood

117. Red Bay Ambrosia Beetle May push out “stick” as it feeds