1. Sense Perception
Chapter 4

2. Perception The awareness of things through our 5 senses sight sound
touch
taste
smell

3. Empiricism
The theory that all knowledge is ultimately based on perceptual experience.

4. Common-sense realism
Perception is a passive and relatively straightforward process which gives us an accurate picture of reality.

5. Perceptual Illusions Perception is a complex process
Perception consists of 2 distinct elements:
sensation (is provided by the world)
interpretation (is provided by our minds)

6. Context
The way we see something depends partly on the context in which we see it.

7. Figure and ground
When we look at something, we tend to highlight certain aspects of what we see and treat other parts of it as background.

8. Visual Grouping
We have a natural tendency to look for meaning in what we see and to group our perceptual experiences together into shapes and patterns.

9. Expectations
Our expectations can influence how we see things. Think about how difficult it is to spot your own typing errors!!

10. How many legs does the elephant have?

11. In this test DO NOT READ the words, say aloud the COLOR of each word.
Word Color Test
In this test DO NOT READ the words, say aloud the COLOR of each word.
YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK RED GREEN PURPLE YELLOW RED ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE

12. Visual Agnosia People lose the ability to interpret what they see
This can happen when people suffer from brain damage.

13. Selectivity of Perception
Perception is selective
Our interests and mood shape our perception
Example: When a woman becomes pregnant, she notices pregnant women wherever she goes.
Our feelings and emotions shape our perceptions

14. Our perspectives affect the way we see things…
How would each of the following differ, depending on the person involved?
A child dying in poverty as seen by a doctor, an economist, a social worker, the child’s father.
A sunset as seen by a religious figure, a painter, a farmer.

15. Eye-witness testimony
It is easy to confuse the source of your memories… Example: Thinking back to your childhood, you may be unsure whether some of your memories are really memories of the events, or whether your parents have told you stories so many times that you think you remember them.

16. Distinguishing appearance from reality…
We usually distinguish between appearance and reality by…
using a second sense to confirm the evidence of the first
appealing to coherence
the testimony of other people

17. Confirmation by another sense
One way to distinguish appearance from reality is to use a second sense to confirm the evidence of the first. * If it looks like an apple and tastes like an apple, it is reasonable to conclude that it really is an apple.

18. Theories of reality…
There are 3 theories about the relationship between perception and reality.
common sense realism: the way we see the world mirrors the way the world is
scientific realism: the world exists as an independent reality, but it is very different from the way we perceive it
phenomenalism: matter is simply the permanent possibility of sensation, and it makes no sense to say that the world exists independent of our experience in it