1. Factors leading to the settlement of the Frontier

2. 1. Availability of Cheap Land Homestead Act – 1862 –160 acres of land free if settled within 5 years

3. 2. Promotion of Scientific Agricultural Education 1862 Morrill Act –allocated 17,400,000 acres of federal land, which when sold, raised $7.55 million to support the creation of land-grant colleges, (Cornell Univ.; Penn State, etc.)land-grant colleges –in order to promote the “ liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life”. Hatch Act – established agricultural “experiment stations” to inform farmers of new methods and machinery

4. 3. Railroads Government land grants allowed for completion of transcontinental routes 130 millions acres granted to railroads Facilitated movement of goods and people Ended frontier isolation –Encourage farmers to settle – Profits from shipping crops increase – Effective tool of advertising on rr cars!

5. 4. Inventions and improvements in farm technology…..EFFECTS –WINDMILLS TO PUMP WATER (arid land useable) –IRRIGATION SYSTEMS arid land useable) –STEEL TIPPED PLOWS (deeper plowing; stronger; breaks less often) –STEAM POWER (threshers; binders; faster and improved production)

6. 5. Discovery of Precious Metals Encouraged the adventurous to move West to find their fortune

7. 6. Destruction of the Buffalo and Confinement of Native Americans “obstacles” to settlement were removed

8. Importance of the Frontier in American Life

9. Frederick Jackson Turner’s “Frontier Thesis” The Frontier had a major role in shaping the American character: 1.It was a safety valve for the discontented 2.It promoted individual self-reliance – survival, inventiveness 3.It promoted social equality – no class distinctions; everyone was equal with the same opportunities (social mobility)

10. 4. It promoted economic opportunities 5. There were resources and land available 6. It promoted the growth of democracy The West was the first to adopt democratic reforms –Women’s right to vote –Women’s right to vote (Colorado & Wyoming) –Direct election of US –Direct election of US Senators political primaries –Use of political primaries to choose candidates for political office

11. “Close” of the Frontier in 1890 1890 – Government announced no more unexplored or unsettled land existed within the U.S. Our foreign policy is then adjusted to promote increased foreign trade and expansion of foreign markets It encouraged many to support a move to obtain overseas colonies (a “new frontier”) (imperialism) The U.S. began to realize limits in space and resources - need to promote conservation of resources and immigration restrictions