1. Drugs which Affect the Functions of the Gastrointestinal Tract.

2. Secretion stimulants inhibitors Motility stimulants inhibitors

3. Drugs which Affect the Secretion of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Stimulants drugs which increase the appetite: bitter tincture absinthium tincture insulin aminazinum, amitriptyline, lithium carbonate Inhibitors of the appetite- anorexigenous medications: 1) drugs which affect the catecholaminergic system (they excite the CNS) —phepranone, desopimone, sibutramine; mazindol, 2) drugs which affect the serotoninergic system (they inhibit the CNS) – fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine.

4. Mechanisms of action of apetite affecting drugs Stimulants – Irritation of the receptors of the oral cavity leads to reflex excitation of the centre of hunger located in lateral nuclei of hypothalamus Inhibitors – stimulation of the saturation centre of CNS

5. Drugs affecting secretion of the stomach 1) drugs which increase the secretion of gastric glands: pentagastrin and histamine - are used for diagnostic purposes. In the case of functional insufficiency of gastric glands these drugs increase the secretion and in organic diseases of the gastric mucous membrane the secretion is not increased.

6. Drugs for substitution (replacing) therapy In the case of organic insufficiency of gastric glands replacing therapy is used: natural gastric juice, pepsin, diluted HCl, acidin-pepsin, Abomin Festal Enzystal

7. 2) Gastric antisecretory drugs. 1) proton pump inhibitors; 2) blockers of H2- histamine receptors; 3) M-cholinolytics; 4) prostaglandin derivatives (misoprostol); 5) ganglion blockers; 6) blockers of gastrine- cholecystokinin-B (G-CCK-B) receptors. 7) Antacids

8. Proton pump inhibitors a) 1 st generation agents omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole; b) 2"d generation agents rabeprazole, esomeprazole. The mechanism of their action is reversible inhibition of the proton pump (H*,Na- K*- ATPase) of gastric parietal cells. The function of this pump is secretion of H* ions into the lumen of the stomach instead of K*-ions. The inhibition of the proton pump causes the decrease of acid secreting activity of parietal cells. These drugs are active only in acid environment, that provides the selectivity of their action directly on Parietal cells.

11. Blockers of H 2 -histamine receptors ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine. The mechanism of these drugs' action is blockade of H2-histamine receptors located in the cells of gastric mucous membrane, that prevents the interaction of them with histamine and leads to decrease of the secretion of hydrochloric acid and less — of pepsin.

12. M-cholinolytics Non-selective Atropini sulfas Belladonna drugs, Plathyphyllin, metacinium -decrease the influence of nervus vagus upon the gastric mucous membrane, that leads to reduction of the gastric secretion. Selective M1-blocker pirenzepine: inhibits the gastric secretion and increases the stability of the gastric mucous membrane to action of various irritants (gastroprotective action).

13. Prostaglandin derivatives Misoprostol inhibits the secretion of hydrochloric acid due to stimulation of prostaglandin receptors of the gastric mucosa cells. It also increases production of bicarbonates and mucus and exerts gastroprotective action.

14. Misoprostol Misoprostol is a drug that is FDA-approved in the United States for the prevention of NSAID- induced gastric ulcers. It is also used (and approved in other countries) to induce labor and as an abortifacient.

15. ANTACIDS The mechanism of action: neutralization of hydrochloric acid, because all drugs of this qroup belong to weak bases. 1 ) agents which produce carbon dioxide: natrium hydrocarbonate, calcium carbonate 2) agents which do not produce carbon dioxide (magnesium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide)

16. ANTACIDS (1 st group) Owing to production of carbon dioxide these drugs lead to irritation of the gastric mucous membrane and to the development of repeated wave of gastric juice secretion. Natrium hydrocarbonate has high neutralizing capacity. It exerts fast but short action, it's well soluble in water, highly absorbable, that may leads to development of systemic alkalosis. Calcium carbonate has moderate neutralizing capacity, action develops fast.

17. ANTACIDS (2 nd group) Aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate by the antacid activity are a little more effective than sodium hydrocarbonate. Their action develops gradually, but lasts long. Magnesium hydroxide may cause slight laxative action.

18. Combined drugs Almagel, Phosphalugel, Maalox, Renni, Alumag, Gelusil, Gastal.

19. Mucosal protective agents (gastroprotectors) 1) agents which create mechanical protection of gastric mucosa - sucralfate, bismuth subsalicylate, De-nol "Potassium dicitrato bismuthate” 2) agents which increase the proective properties of mucous barrier and the stability of gastric mucosa to the action of damaqe factors — carbenoxolone, misoprostol

20. Drugs which exert influence upon the gastric motility. 1) agents which promote the gastric motility (prokinetic agents): metoclopramide, cisapride, domperidone

21. Agents which promote the gastric motility Metoclopramide and cisapride have cholinomimetic properties. Both drugs apparently promote release of acetylcholine from cholinergic neurones in the enteric nervous system. In addition to it, metoclopramide blocks D2-dopamine and 5- HT3-serotonin receptors of the CNS, that explains its central effects, including the antiemetic one.

22. 2) A gents which inhibit the gastric motility. M-cholinoblockers, ganglion blockers, both M-cholino— and ganlioblockers (buscopane [hyoscine butylbromide], pro-banthine), myotropic spasmolytics— papaverine, drotaverine, mebeverine, bencyclane calcium channel blockers — pinaverium bromide.

24. Emetic drugs 1) agents with direct action : apomorphine. The mechanism of its action is stimulation of dopamine receptors of the trigger zone. 2) agents with indirect (reflex) action: copper sulfate, zinc sulfate and drugs which contain herb of thermopsis and root of ipecacuana. In peroral introduction these drugs irritate stomach receptors, that leads to reflex rise of vomiting.

25. Antiemetic drugs M-cholinoblockers prokinetic agents Blockers of 5H-T3-serotonin- receptors: ondansetron, tropisetron D2-dopamino-receptors blockers: Aethaperasinum, Aminasinum, THIETHYLPERAZINE THIETHYLPERAZINE Sedatives, tranquilisers, barbiturates

26. Drugs which affect the intestinal motility 1) drugs which decrease the intestinal tone and peristalsis M-cholinolytics (atropine, plathyphyllin, metacinium), ganglion blockers (benzohexonium, pirilenum), myotropic spasmolytics (papaverine, drotaverine, etc.), opium preparations and a phenylpiperidine derivative loperamide.

27. Loperamide (imodium) by its chemical structure has a resemblance to some opioid analgesics. The mechanism of its action is stimulation of u- receptors of the intestine, that leads to inhibition of peristalsis. These drugs are used in spastic colitis, acute and chronic diarrhea

28. Laxative drugs 1) bulking agents: saline laxatives (magnesium sulfate, natrium sulfate), lactulose, sorbitol 2) intestinal mucosa irritants: a) agents of plant origin — castor oil, drugs which contain anthraquinone glycosides; b) synthetic drugs: isaphenine, bisacodyl, natrium picosulfate, phenolphthalein

29. Laxative drugs 1) drugs which exert strong action (they usually act upon the whole intestine) — saline laxatives, castor oil 2) drugs which exert moderate action (they act mainly upon the large intestine and partially upon the small one) — synthetic drugs 3) drugs which exert slight action (they act upon the large intestine mainly) — anthraquinone glycosides, lactulose, sorbitol,liquid paraffin, docusate.