1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

2. Chapter 9: Nominations and Campaigns The Nomination Game The Campaign Game Money and Campaigning The Impact of Campaigns Understanding Nominations and Campaigns Summary

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game Nomination The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Success in the nomination game requires momentum, money, and media attention. Campaign Strategy Master game plan that guides a candidate’s electoral campaign. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game Deciding to Run A presidential candidacy in the United States needs to be either announced or an “open secret” for at least a year before the election. Barack Obama made clear his intention to run for president in January 2007. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game Competing for Delegates National Party Convention – The supreme power within each party. McGovern-Fraser Commission – In response to demands for reform by minority groups and others seeking better representation. Super-delegates – Party leaders automatically get delegate slot at national party convention. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

6. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

7. The Nomination Game Competing for Delegates Caucus - A system for selecting convention delegates used in about a dozen mostly rural states in which voters must show up at a set time and attend an open meeting to express their presidential preference. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game Competing for Delegates (cont.) Presidential primaries are elections in which a state’s voters go to the polls to express their preference for a party’s nominee for president. Frontloading – Recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar to capitalize on media attention. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game Competing for Delegates (cont.) Evaluating the Primary and Caucus System – Disproportionate attention goes to early ones; prominent politicians do not run; money plays too big a role; participation is low and unrepresentative; and too much power goes to the media. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Nomination Game The Convention Send-Off Rallying point for parties. Key note speaker on first day of Convention. Party platform (2 nd day) – Goals and policies for next 4 years. Formal nomination of president and vice- president candidates on third and fourth days. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

11. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

12. The Campaign Game The High-Tech Media Campaign Direct mail used to generate support and money for candidate. Get media attention through ad budget and free news coverage. The emphasis is on marketing a candidate because news stories focus more on the horse race than substantive policy issues. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives

13. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

14. The Campaign Game Organizing the Campaign Get a campaign manager, a fund-raiser, and a campaign counsel. Hire media and campaign consultants. Assemble staff, plan logistics, and get research staff, policy advisors, pollsters, and a good press secretary. Establish a website. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives

15. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

16. Money and Campaigning The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 created Federal Election Commission; provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections; limited presidential campaign spending; required disclosure; and limited contributions. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

17. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

18. Money and Campaigning The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms (cont.) Soft Money – Contributions for party building expenses or generic party advertising not subject to contribution limits. McCain-Feingold Act (2002) bans soft money, increased amount of individual contributions, and limited issue ads. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Money and Campaigning The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms (cont.) 527 Groups – Independent groups seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution limits because they do not directly seek election of particular candidates. The name 527 Groups comes from Section 527 of the federal tax code by which they are governed. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

20. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

21. Money and Campaigning The Proliferation of PACs Political Action Committees are funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a political action committee (PAC) and register it with the Federal Election Commission. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Money and Campaigning The Proliferation of PACs (cont.) There were 4,611 PACs during the 2007– 2008 election cycle, which contributed $412.8 million to House and Senate candidates. PACs donate to candidates who support their issue. PACs do not buy candidates, but give to candidates who support them in the first place. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

23. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

24. Money and Campaigning Are Campaigns Too Expensive? Center for Responsive Politics estimated in 2008 that the contests for the presidency and Congress cost over $5 billion. More congressional incumbents spend, the worse they do. Doctrine of sufficiency – Spend enough money to get a message across to compete effectively. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

25. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

26. The Impact of Campaigns Campaigns have three effects on voters. Reinforcement – Reinforce voters’ preferences for candidates. Activation – Voters contribute money or ring doorbells. Conversion – Convert, changing voters’ minds. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

27. The Impact of Campaigns Some factors tend to weaken campaigns’ impact on voters. Selective perception – Most people pay attention to things they agree with and interpret events according to predispositions. Party identification influence voting behavior. Incumbents – Advantage of name recognition and a track record. LO 9.4 To Learning Objectives

28. Understanding Nominations and Campaigns Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic? Do Big Campaigns Lead to an Increased Scope of Government? To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

29. Understanding Nominations and Campaigns Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic? Campaigns are open to almost everyone. Campaigns consume much time and money. Campaigns promote individualism in American politics. LO 9.5 To Learning Objectives

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Understanding Nominations and Campaigns Do Big Campaigns Lead to an Increased Scope of Government? Candidates make numerous promises, especially to state and local interests. Hard for politicians to promise to cut size of government. LO 9.5 To Learning Objectives

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 Summary The Nomination Game Presidential primaries and caucuses lead to nomination at national party conventions and allow people to participate in the selection of the Democratic and Republican parties’ nominees for president. The system gives some states much greater influence than others. To Learning Objectives

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.1 Summary The Nomination Game (cont.) Iowa (1 st caucus) and New Hampshire (1 st primary) have disproportionate power stemming from the massive media attention devoted to these early contests and the momentum generated by winning them. Money plays too big a role; turnout rates are too low; and mass media has too much power deciding which candidates are serious contenders. To Learning Objectives

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following is a major criticism of the primary and caucus system? A.Disproportionate attention goes to the early caucuses and primaries. B.Prominent politicians do run. C.Both money and media play too little a role. D.Participation is high and representative. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following is a major criticism of the primary and caucus system? A.Disproportionate attention goes to the early caucuses and primaries. B.Prominent politicians do run. C.Both money and media play too little a role. D.Participation is high and representative. LO 9.1 To Learning Objectives

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.2 Summary The Campaign Game Political campaigns are carried out to win election for political office and require organization and effective use of high-tech media. One important goals of any campaign is simply to get attention. Campaigns seek to control political agenda by getting the media and the public to focus on the issues that they wish to emphasize. To Learning Objectives

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Why is a campaign manager important to a well-organized campaign? A.To assist the candidate in responding to reporters. B.To tell the candidate how he or she is viewed by voters. C.To feed the candidate the information needed to keep up with events. D.To keep the candidate from getting bogged down in organizational details. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Why is a campaign manager important to a well-organized campaign? A.To assist the candidate in responding to reporters. B.To tell the candidate how he or she is viewed by voters. C.To feed the candidate the information needed to keep up with events. D.To keep the candidate from getting bogged down in organizational details. LO 9.2 To Learning Objectives

38. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Summary Money and Campaigning Federal election law restricts direct contributions to federal campaigns to $2,400 for individuals and $5,000 for political action committees (PACs). In the presidential nomination process, federal matching funds are available to candidates who agree to limit their overall spending. To Learning Objectives

39. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.3 Summary Money and Campaigning (cont.) General presidential election – $85 million grant is available to each party nominee to finance their entire campaign, and candidates who turn down the grant are free to raise an unlimited total in increments equal or less than the maximum contribution limit. McCain-Feingold Act (2002) banned unlimited soft money contributions. To Learning Objectives

40. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman According to the textbook, the main benefit of campaign finance laws has been to _______. A.make political campaigns more open and honest. B.limit spending by candidates. C.limit spending by corporations. D.limit unregulated money spent in campaigns. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

41. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman According to the textbook, the main benefit of campaign finance laws has been to _______. A.make political campaigns more open and honest. B.limit spending by candidates. C.limit spending by corporations. D.limit unregulated money spent in campaigns. LO 9.3 To Learning Objectives

42. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.4 Summary The Impact of Campaigns Campaigning serves primarily to reinforce citizens’ views and to activate voters rather than to change views. Factors such as selective perception, party identification, and the incumbency advantage tend to weaken the ability of campaigns to influence voters’ decisions. To Learning Objectives

43. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which is true about the impacts that political campaigns have on voters? A.Always convert voters, but rarely activate voters. B.Reinforce party images and always convert voters. C.Reinforce preferences and activate voters, but rarely convert voters. D.Always convert voters, but rarely reinforce voters. LO 9.4 To Learning Objectives

44. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which is true about the impacts that political campaigns have on voters? A.Always convert voters, but rarely activate voters. B.Reinforce party images and always convert voters. C.Reinforce preferences and activate voters, but rarely convert voters. D.Always convert voters, but rarely reinforce voters. LO 9.4 To Learning Objectives

45. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 9.5 Summary Understanding Nominations and Campaigns American election campaigns are open, democratic, and long. Long campaigns provide a strenuous test for all candidates. Campaigns lead politicians to make many promises that increase the scope of government. To Learning Objectives

46. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Today’s campaigns clearly promote in American politics. A.egalitarianism B.elitism C.populism D.individualism LO 9.5 To Learning Objectives

47. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Today’s campaigns clearly promote in American politics. A.egalitarianism B.elitism C.populism D.individualism LO 9.5 To Learning Objectives

48. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Text Credits The Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism; “Winning the Media Campaign: How the Press Reported the 2008 Presidential General Election,” Oct 22, 2008, http://www.journalism.org/sites/journalism.org/files/WINNING%20T HE%20MEDIA%20CAMPAIGN%20FINAL.pdf. Federal Election Commission. Copyright Center for Responsive Politics, www.opensecrets.org.www.opensecrets.org

49. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Photo Credits 252: Bruce Ely/The Oregonian 203T: AP Photo 203TC: Sean Tevis 203TB: Ken Cordier/Reuters/HO/Landov 203B: AP Photo 255: AP Photo 257: Jim Ruyman/Landov 258: AP Photo 257: John Cole 263: Howell/Getty Images 264: Sean Tevis 270: Reuters/HO/Landov 272: AP Photo 275: Used with permission of Matt Wurker and the Cartoonist Group. All Rights Reserved.