1. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 1 SiD: Hadron Calorimetry Jerry Blazey Northern Illinois University LCWS07-Hamburg May 31, 2007

2. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 2 HCAL Considerations Guiding PrinciplesGuiding Principles –Optimized for PFA –Small radius to improve resolution, control costs BaselineBaseline –Gap size <~10mm –Barrel: 34 20-mm SS absorbers  4  o –Two endcaps –Resistive Plate Chambers Major questions:Major questions: –Absorber: SS or W? –Segmentation: 1cm 2 through 9cm 2 ? –Sampling needed beyond magnet? –Active medium?

3. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 3 More on PFA Requirements Tracking:Tracking: –Efficiently allow tracking of charged particles through volume. Jet Resolution:Jet Resolution: –Sufficient depth such that any loss in the coil or energy measured with degraded resolution (relative to the HCal) in the outer detectors does not significantly impact jet energy resolutions. –Sufficient cell size allows true and efficient separation and association of closely spaced energy clusters with the correct tracks. –Sufficient sampling so as not to significantly degrade the jet energy resolution via the sampling term. Simulations are essential, especially for understanding design parameters and technology capabilities, these efforts are covered in the next talk by John JarosSimulations are essential, especially for understanding design parameters and technology capabilities, these efforts are covered in the next talk by John Jaros

4. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 4 Readout Technologies Under Consideration Gaseous Readout: fine segmentation, straightforward assembly, inexpensiveGaseous Readout: fine segmentation, straightforward assembly, inexpensive –Resistive Plate Counters –Gaseous Electron Multipliers & Micromegas Scintillator Readout: high sampling fraction, well understoodScintillator Readout: high sampling fraction, well understood –Solid state photomultipliers (MPPC, SiPM, MRS…) Basic approachBasic approach –Demonstrations –Simulations Leading to Large Prototypes

5. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 5 R&D Well Matched to CALICE TechnologyTechnology –Gain large scale, long-term experience with Now Scin/solids readoutNow Scin/solids readout Next gaseous detectorsNext gaseous detectors –Identify critical operational issues Physics:Physics: –Structure of hadron showers –Validation of simulation –Development of particle flow algorithms Running at CERN and FNAL 2006 – 2008Running at CERN and FNAL 2006 – 2008 Numerous CALICE talks this weekNumerous CALICE talks this week Tail Catcher ECAL HCAL Electronic Racks Beam

6. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 6 Resistive Plate Chambers RPCRPC –Single Gap –Coated glass as resistive plates –Avalanche mode Small pads ~1cm 2Small pads ~1cm 2 –Reduce confusion between tracks and clusters –1 bit resolution preserves single particle resolution Resistive paint Mylar 1.2mm gas gap Mylar Aluminum foil 1.1mm glass - HV Signal padsAnalog Digital (0.5x0.5) Digital (2.5x2.5) Digital (3.0x3.0) E(GeV)  /E 0.2 1030 Pion Resolution Non-projective SiD 0.1 0.3 SiD Members: Argonne National Laboratory

7. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 7 Prototype RPC Results Parameter space thoroughly explored:Parameter space thoroughly explored: –One or two gas gaps –One or two glass plates –High or low resistivity coatings –Streamer and avalanche mode –Gas mixtures –Voltage –Stability Performance metrics investigated with sources, cosmic rays, and beam:Performance metrics investigated with sources, cosmic rays, and beam: –MIP detection efficiency vs Multiplicity –Noise rate –Rate capability Digital/Cosmics Measurement RPC Russia RPC US Signal characterization yesyes HV dependence yesyes Single pad efficiencies yesyes Geometrical efficiency yesyes Tests with different gases yesyes Mechanical properties ?yes Multi-pad efficiencies yesyes Hit multiplicities yesyes Noise rates yesyes Rate capability yesyes Tests in 5 T field yesno Tests in particle beams yesyes Long term tests ongoingongoing Design of larger chamber ongoingongoing SiD Members: Argonne National Laboratory

8. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 8 RPC Slice Test Ten chamber, 2500 channel “test slice” in development for June 2007 FNAL beamTen chamber, 2500 channel “test slice” in development for June 2007 FNAL beam –New chamber design –Cosmic ray and test beam stacks assembled –Ten RPCs with complete (RPC and GEM) readout chain: 64 channel pad boards64 channel pad boards FE boards and DCAL ASICFE boards and DCAL ASIC Data concentrators and collectorsData concentrators and collectors Timing and trigger units.Timing and trigger units. –Prototype and production underway Preliminary work for a 400k channel 1m 3 prototypePreliminary work for a 400k channel 1m 3 prototype HV Mylar Signal Pad(s) Fishing line Channel Resistive paint Gl ue Gas volume Signal path Glass Just commissioned!

9. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 9 Gas Electron Multipliers -2100V ∆V ~400V 0V Foil separates drift and amplification gapFoil separates drift and amplification gap PCB for anode ~1x1cm 2 pixel readout possiblePCB for anode ~1x1cm 2 pixel readout possible Uniform, MIP efficient, and fast.Uniform, MIP efficient, and fast. Digital performance encouragingDigital performance encouraging SiD Members: University of Texas-Arlington, Washington

10. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 10 Prototype GEM Results Small prototype tests similar to those for RPCSmall prototype tests similar to those for RPC –MIP efficiency ~95% –Multiplicity 1.3 Focus has been on production of chambers with large foilsFocus has been on production of chambers with large foils Test beam efforts first in Korea and just recently at Fermilab (March-April)Test beam efforts first in Korea and just recently at Fermilab (March-April) Efficiency and cross- talk measurement analysis underway (CALICE talk)Efficiency and cross- talk measurement analysis underway (CALICE talk)

11. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 11 GEM Plans Participating in slice effort (2007)Participating in slice effort (2007) Testing ASIC designs as wellTesting ASIC designs as well –Fermilab DHAL –SLAC KPiX InvestigatingInvestigating –3M-company 30cmx1m foils (2007, beam 2008) –Thick GEMS (2008) And preparing for 1m 3 prototypeAnd preparing for 1m 3 prototype SiD Members: University of Texas-Arlington, Washington

12. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 12Micromegas Similar to GEMsSimilar to GEMs Fine mesh separates 3mm drift and 0.1mm amplification gapsFine mesh separates 3mm drift and 0.1mm amplification gaps Can produce planes in a single lamination process – “bulk micromegas” used for T2K prototypes.Can produce planes in a single lamination process – “bulk micromegas” used for T2K prototypes. SiD Members: LAPP-Annecy

13. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 13 Micromega Plans First phase:First phase: –Design and production of small “bulk: prototypes –Three 6x16 pad planes built. –Study with sources and cosmic rays. Second Phase:Second Phase: –80x320 mm 2 PCB with integrated electronics under design. –Sixteen planes will be combined into a 640x640 mm 2 detector –Beam tests and studies SiD Members: LAPP-Annecy

14. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 14 Scintillator/Solid State Scintillator, typicallyScintillator, typically –0.5mm thick –~3x3 cm 2 Configurations based on tiles & stripsConfigurations based on tiles & strips Sensors: Many vendors…Sensors: Many vendors… wavelength shifting fibre plastic scintillator MPPC 3x3cm² 5x100cm² SiD Members: Northern Illinois University, University of Colorado

15. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 15 Scintillator/MPPC Results Stable/Efficient –TCMT Fine Section MIPs –<2%variation –>95% eff. Linearity –AHCAL –Within 1-2% Containment –AHCAL+ECAL +TCMT –20 GeV Pion

16. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 16 1)Understand/Optimize Direct Coupling 2)Construction of integrated Scin/sensor/readout PCBs 3)2007 test beam PositionCPTA(+/-15%)HamamatsuCenter100% 16.8+/-2.5 PE Edge92% 19.3+/-3.0 PE Corner71% Not Measured Center(no grease) Not Measured 10.8/-1.5 PE Scin/MPPC Direct Coupling & Plans SiD Members: Northern Illinois University, University of Colorado

17. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 17 SiD HCAL Steps Forward June, 2007 (LCWS07) ReportsJune, 2007 (LCWS07) Reports –Gaseous: GEM/RPC Slice Test –Scintillator/MPPC: CALICE analysis & direct coupling investigations Late 2007 Review:Late 2007 Review: –Evaluate technology options –PFA Simulations report –Completion 1 st generic engineering study –Decision on next prototype step for EDR Full stack or ILC prototypeFull stack or ILC prototype Mid-2008 Review:Mid-2008 Review: –Technology choice or choices for CDR –Review progress of prototype projects

18. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 18 Performance CriteriaTechnology IssuesCost MIP efficiency/padMaturity and historyDevelopment costs Hit multiplicity/padReliabilityAssembly and test costs Uniformity of response across active element Component availabilityActive layer % of total Ease of calibrationActive layer thicknessTotal HCal cost Track/cluster separabilitySmallest element size Response to neutronsEase of assembly, testing, installation, commissioning PFA jet resolution at Z-pole, 200 Gev, 500 GeV Recovery time after i) hits & ii) significant beam event Rate of discharge (gas) Ageing affects Sensitivity to magnetic field Technical risk

19. Jerry Blazey May 31, 2007 LCWS07 19 Closing Comments SiD has made progress with baseline HCAL using RPCs.SiD has made progress with baseline HCAL using RPCs. Has intentionally left the door open for other possibilities including GEMs & Micromegas & Scin/Solid State Sensors.Has intentionally left the door open for other possibilities including GEMs & Micromegas & Scin/Solid State Sensors. Members are contributing to world-wide R&D efforts, particularly in the framework provided by the highly successful CALICE collaboration.Members are contributing to world-wide R&D efforts, particularly in the framework provided by the highly successful CALICE collaboration. Interplay between concepts and R&D efforts will yield more capable detectors.Interplay between concepts and R&D efforts will yield more capable detectors.