1. Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

2. 16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource? Concept 16-1 Improving energy efficiency can save the world at least a third of the energy it uses, and it can save the United States up to 43% of the energy it uses.

3. We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (1) Energy efficiency Advantages of reducing energy waste: Quick and clean Usually the cheapest to provide more energy Reduce pollution and degradation Slow global warming Increase economic and national security

4. We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (2) Four widely used devices that waste energy 1.Incandescent light bulb 2.Motor vehicle with internal combustion engine 3.Nuclear power plant 4.Coal-fired power plant

5. Flow of Commercial Energy through the U.S. Economy Fig. 16-2, p. 399

6. Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste Fig. 16-3, p. 399

7. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? Concept 16-2 We have a variety of technologies for sharply increasing the energy efficiency of industrial operations, motor vehicles, and buildings.

8. We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (1) Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) Two forms of energy from same fuel source Replace energy-wasting electric motors Recycling materials Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting

9. LEDs Fig. 16-4, p. 401

10. We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (2) Electrical grid system: outdated and wasteful Utility companies switching from promote use of energy to promoting energy efficiency Spurred by state utility commissions

11. Case Study: Saving Energy and Money with a Smarter Electrical Grid Smart grid Ultra-high-voltage Super-efficient transmission lines Digitally controlled Responds to local changes in demand and supply Two-way flow of energy and information Smart meters show consumers how much energy each appliance uses U.S cost -- $200-$800 billion; save $100 billion/year

12. Proposed U.S. Smart Grid Figure 20, Supplement 8

13. We Can Save Energy and Money in Transportation Corporate average fuel standards (CAFE) standards Fuel economy standards lower in the U.S. countries Fuel-efficient cars are on the market Hidden prices in gasoline: $12/gallon Car manufacturers and oil companies lobby to prevent laws to raise fuel taxes

14. Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold in the U.S. and Other Countries Fig. 16-5, p. 402

15. More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the Way Superefficient and ultralight cars Gasoline-electric hybrid car Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle Energy-efficient diesel car Electric vehicle with a fuel cell

16. Solutions: A Hybrid-Gasoline-Electric Engine Car and a Plug-in Hybrid Car Fig. 16-6, p. 403

17. Light-Weight Carbon Composite Concept Car Fig. 16-7, p. 405

18. Science Focus: The Search for Better Batteries Current obstacles Storage capacity Overheating Flammability Cost In the future Lithium-ion battery Viral battery Ultracapacitor

19. We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and Money Green architecture Living or green roofs Superinsulation U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

20. A Green Roof in Chicago Fig. 16-8, p. 405

21. We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (1) Conduct an energy survey Insulate and plug leaks Use energy-efficient windows Stop other heating and cooling losses Heat houses more efficiently

22. We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (2) Heat water more efficiently Use energy-efficient appliances Use energy-efficient lighting

23. A Thermogram Shows Heat Loss Fig. 16-9, p. 406

24. Individuals Matter: Ways in Which You Can Save Money Where You Live Fig. 16-10, p. 407

25. Why Are We Still Wasting So Much Energy? Energy remains artificially cheap Government subsidies Tax breaks Prices don’t include true cost Few large and long-lasting incentives Tax breaks Rebates Low-interest loans

26. We Can Use Renewable Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity Renewable energy Solar energy: direct or indirect Geothermal energy Benefits of shifting toward renewable energy Renewable energy cheaper if we eliminate Inequitable subsidies Inaccurate prices Artificially low pricing of nonrenewable energy

27. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? Concept 16-3 Passive and active solar heating systems can heat water and buildings effectively, and the costs of using direct sunlight to produce high- temperature heat and electricity are coming down.

28. Passive Solar Home in Colorado Fig. 16-12, p. 410

29. Trade-Offs: Passive or Active Solar Heating Fig. 16-14, p. 411

30. World Availability of Direct Solar Energy Figure 22, Supplement 8

31. We Can Cool Buildings Naturally Technologies available Open windows when cooler outside Use fans Superinsulation and high-efficiency windows Overhangs or awnings on windows Light-colored roof Geothermal pumps

32. We Can Use Sunlight to Produce High- Temperature Heat and Electricity Solar thermal systems Central receiver system Collect sunlight to boil water, generate electricity 1% of world deserts could supply all the world’s electricity

33. Solar Thermal Power in California Desert Fig. 16-15, p. 411

34. Trade-Offs: Solar Energy for High Temperature Heat and Electricity Fig. 16-16, p. 412

35. Solutions: Solar Cooker in India Fig. 16-17, p. 412

36. We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (1) Photovoltaic (PV) cells (solar cells) Convert solar energy to electric energy Design of solar cells Sunlight hits cells and releases electrons into wires

37. Solutions: Solar Cells on Rooftop and for Many Purposes Fig. 16-18, p. 413

38. Solar Cell Array in Niger, West Africa Fig. 16-19, p. 413

39. Solar-Cell Power Plant in Arizona Fig. 16-20, p. 414

40. We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (2) Key problems High cost of producing electricity Need to be located in sunny desert areas Fossil fuels used in production Solar cells contain toxic materials Will the cost drop with Mass production New designs Government subsidies and tax breaks

41. Global Production of Solar Electricity Figure 11, Supplement 9

42. Trade-Offs: Solar Cells Fig. 16-21, p. 414