1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Edited by E. McAnulla Worth Publishers

2. 100 point project  Case studies: Over break you are to create an original case study on a subject that suffers from a mental disorder. This subject can be your creation or a character in a book/ movie. You must provide enough detail in the background, explanation of crisis periods/ critical events, and subject interviews that another AP student could “study” your subject. The link below is the format of a case study that will be modeled in class.  http://www.abacon.com/carson/case/case s.html http://www.abacon.com/carson/case/case s.html http://www.abacon.com/carson/case/case s.html

3. Psychological Disorders  Psychological Disorder –a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:  atypical--not enough in itself  disturbing--varies with time and culture  maladaptive--harmful  unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason

4. Psychological Disorders  Medical Model –concept that diseases have physical causes –can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured –assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

5. Psychological Disorders  Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective –assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

6. Psychological Disorders

7. Classifying Psychological Disorders  DSM-IV –American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) –a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders –presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision) –http://allpsych.com/disorders/index.ht ml http://allpsych.com/disorders/index.ht mlhttp://allpsych.com/disorders/index.ht ml

8. Axis  The DSM uses a multiaxial or multidimensional approach to diagnosing because rarely do other factors in a person's life not impact their mental health. It assesses five dimensions as described below:   Axis I: Clinical Syndromes Axis I: Clinical Syndromes Axis I: Clinical Syndromes –This is what we typically think of as the diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social phobia)  Axis II: Developmental Disorders and Personality Disorders Axis II: Developmental Disorders and Personality Disorders Axis II: Developmental Disorders and Personality Disorders –Developmental disorders include autism and mental retardation, disorders which are typically first evident in childhood –Developmental disorders include autism and mental retardation, disorders which are typically first evident in childhood –Personality disorders are clinical syndromes which have a more long lasting symptoms and encompass the individual's way of interacting with the world. They include Paranoid, Antisocial, and Borderline Personality Disorders.  Axis III: Physical Conditions which play a role in the development, continuance, or exacerbation of Axis I and II Disorders –Physical conditions such as brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness are included here. –Physical conditions such as brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness are included here.  Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors –Events in a persons life, such as death of a loved one, starting a new job, college, unemployment, and even marriage can impact the disorders listed in Axis I and II. These events are both listed and rated for this axis.  Axis V: Highest Level of Functioning –On the final axis, the clinician rates the person's level of functioning both at the present time and the highest level within the previous year. This helps the clinician understand how the above four axes are affecting the person and what type of changes could be expected.

9. Categories  Adjustment Disorders Anxiety Disorders Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders Impulse-Control Disorders Mood Disorders Sexual Disorders Sleep Disorders Psychotic Disorders Sexual Dysfunctions Somatoform Disorders Substance Disorders Personality Disorders Adjustment DisordersAnxiety DisordersDissociative Disorders Eating DisordersImpulse-Control DisordersMood DisordersSexual DisordersSleep Disorders Psychotic DisordersSexual DysfunctionsSomatoform DisordersSubstance Disorders Personality Disorders Adjustment DisordersAnxiety DisordersDissociative Disorders Eating DisordersImpulse-Control DisordersMood DisordersSexual DisordersSleep Disorders Psychotic DisordersSexual DysfunctionsSomatoform DisordersSubstance Disorders Personality Disorders  Adjustment Disorders Anxiety Disorders Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders Impulse-Control Disorders Mood Disorders Sexual Disorders Sleep Disorders Psychotic Disorders Sexual Dysfunctions Somatoform Disorders Substance Disorders Personality Disorders Adjustment DisordersAnxiety DisordersDissociative Disorders Eating DisordersImpulse-Control DisordersMood DisordersSexual DisordersSleep Disorders Psychotic DisordersSexual DysfunctionsSomatoform DisordersSubstance Disorders Personality Disorders Adjustment DisordersAnxiety DisordersDissociative Disorders Eating DisordersImpulse-Control DisordersMood DisordersSexual DisordersSleep Disorders Psychotic DisordersSexual DysfunctionsSomatoform DisordersSubstance Disorders Personality Disorders

10. Anxiety Disorders  Anxiety Disorders –distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety  Generalized Anxiety Disorder –person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

11. Anxiety Disorders  Panic Disorder –marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

12. Anxiety Disorders  Phobia –persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder –unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)  Post traumatic stress disorder

13. Anxiety Disorders  Common and uncommon fears

14. Anxiety Disorders

15.  PET Scan of brain of person with obsessive- compulsive disorder  High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

16. Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Disorders –conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings –Amnesia and Fugue State  Dissociative Identity Disorder –rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities –formerly called multiple personality disorder

17. Personality Disorders  Personality Disorders –disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning –usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

18. Personality Disorders  Antisocial Personality Disorder –disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members –may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

19. Personality Disorders  Common Characteristics  Personality Disorders are mental illnesses that share several unique qualities. They contain symptoms that are enduring and play a major role in most, if not all, aspects of the person's life. While many disorders vacillate in terms of symptom presence and intensity, personality disorders typically remain relatively constant.   To be diagnosed with a disorder in this category, a psychologist will look for the following criteria:  Symptoms have been present for an extended period of time, are inflexible and pervasive, and are not a result of alcohol or drugs or another psychiatric disorder. The history of symptoms can be traced back to adolescence or at least early adulthood.  The symptoms have caused and continue to cause significant distress or negative consequences in different aspects of the person's life.  Symptoms are seen in at least two of the following areas: –Thoughts (ways of looking at the world, thinking about self or others, and interacting) –Emotions (appropriateness, intensity, and range of emotional functioning) –Interpersonal Functioning (relationships and interpersonal skills) –Impulse Control  Disorders in this Category  Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality Disorder  Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline Personality DisorderBorderline Personality Disorder  Narcissistic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality DisorderNarcissistic Personality Disorder

20. Mood Disorders-Depression  Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal

21. Personality Disorders  PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer

22. Mood Disorders  Mood Disorders –characterized by emotional extremes  Major Depressive Disorder –a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

23. Mood Disorders  Manic Episode –a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state  Bipolar Disorder –a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania –formerly called manic-depressive disorder

24. Mood Disorders- Depression

25. Mood Disorders- Suicide

26. Mood Disorders-Bipolar  PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches Depressed stateManic stateDepressed state

27. Mood Disorders- Depression  Altering any one component of the chemistry- cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

28. Mood Disorders- Depression  The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

29. Schizophrenia  Schizophrenia –literal translation “split mind” –a group of severe disorders characterized by:  disorganized and delusional thinking  disturbed perceptions  inappropriate emotions and actions

30. Schizophrenia  Delusions –false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders  Hallucinations –sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

31. Schizophrenia

32. Schizophrenia

33. Schizophrenia

34. Schizophrenia

35. Other categories  Eating Disorders  Common Characteristics  Eating disorders are characterized by disturbances in eating behavior. This can mean eating too much, not eating enough, or eating in an extremely unhealthy manner (such as binging or stuffing yourself over and over). Many people argue that simple overeating should be considered a disorder, but at this time it is not in this category.   Disorders in this Category  Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa  Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa

36. others  Impulse Control Disorders  Impulse Control Disorders   Common Characteristics  Disorders in this category include the failure or extreme difficulty in controlling impulses despite the negative consequences. This includes the failure to stop gambling even if you realize that losing would result in significant negative consequences. This failure to control impulses also refers to the impulse to engage in violent behavior (e.g., road rage), sexual behavior, fire starting, stealing, and self-abusive behaviors.   Disorders in this Category  Intermittent Explosive Disorder Intermittent Explosive DisorderIntermittent Explosive Disorder  Kleptomania Kleptomania  Pathological Gambling Pathological GamblingPathological Gambling  Pyromania Pyromania  Trichotillomania Trichotillomania

37. other  Paraphilias and Sexual Disorders  Paraphilias and Sexual Disorders   Common Characteristics  Paraphilias all have in common distressing and repetitive sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors. These fantasies, urges, or behaviors must occur for a significant period of time and must interfere with either satisfactory sexual relations or everyday functioning if the diagnosis is to be made. There is also a sense of distress within these individuals. In other words, they typically recognize the symptoms as negatively impacting their life but feel as if they are unable to control them.   Disorders in this Category   Exhibitionism Exhibitionism   FetishismFetishism   FrotteurismFrotteurism   Gender Identity Disorder   PedophiliaPedophilia   Sexual MasochismSexual Masochism   Sexual SadismSexual Sadism   Transvestic FetishismTransvestic Fetishism   VoyeurismVoyeurism

38. other  Sleep Disorders   Common Characteristics  Primary Sleep disorders are divided into two subcategories: Dyssomnias are those disorders relating to the amount, quality, and timing of sleep. Parasomnias relate to abnormal behavior or physiological events that occur during the process of sleep or sleep-wake transitions. We use the perm primary to differentiate these sleep disorders from other sleep disorders that are caused by outside factors, such as another mental disorder, medical disorder, or substance use. The primary sleep disorders are listed below:   Disorders in this Category   Dyssomnias  Primary Insomnia Primary InsomniaPrimary Insomnia  Primary Hypersomnia Primary HypersomniaPrimary Hypersomnia  Narcolepsy Narcolepsy   Parasomnias  Parasomnias  Nightmare Disorder Nightmare DisorderNightmare Disorder  Sleep Terror Disorder Sleep Terror DisorderSleep Terror Disorder  Sleepwalking Disorder Sleepwalking DisorderSleepwalking Disorder

39. other  Somatoform Disorders   Common Characteristics  Disorders in this category include those where the symptoms suggest a medical condition but where no medical condition can be found by a physician. In other words, a person with a somatoform disorder might experience significant pain without a medical or biological cause, or they may constantly experience minor aches and pains without any reason for these pains to exist.  Disorders in this category include those where the symptoms suggest a medical condition but where no medical condition can be found by a physician. In other words, a person with a somatoform disorder might experience significant pain without a medical or biological cause, or they may constantly experience minor aches and pains without any reason for these pains to exist.   Disorders in this Category  Body Dysmorphic Disorder Body Dysmorphic DisorderBody Dysmorphic Disorder  Conversion Disorder Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder  Hypochondriasis Disorder Hypochondriasis DisorderHypochondriasis Disorder  Pain Disorder Pain DisorderPain Disorder  Somatization Disorder Somatization DisorderSomatization Disorder

40. other  Substance Related Disorders   Common Characteristics  The two disorders in this category refer to either the abuse or dependence on a substance. A substance can be anything that is ingested in order to produce a high, alter one's senses, or otherwise affect functioning. The most common substance thought of in this category is alcohol although other drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin, ecstasy, special-K, and crack, are also included. Probably the most abused substances, caffeine and nicotine, are also included although rarely thought of in this manner by the layman.  The two disorders in this category refer to either the abuse or dependence on a substance. A substance can be anything that is ingested in order to produce a high, alter one's senses, or otherwise affect functioning. The most common substance thought of in this category is alcohol although other drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin, ecstasy, special-K, and crack, are also included. Probably the most abused substances, caffeine and nicotine, are also included although rarely thought of in this manner by the layman.   Disorders in this Category  Substance Abuse Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse  Substance Dependence Substance DependenceSubstance Dependence

41. Childhood disorders  Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder  Conduct Disorder Conduct Disorder Conduct Disorder  Oppositional Defiant Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder  Tourette's Disorder Tourette's Disorder Tourette's Disorder  Autistic Disorder Autistic Disorder Autistic Disorder  Developmental/ IQ disorders

42. Rates of Psychological Disorders