1. E-Marketplace Services – What do the e-hub sites deliver? Professor Robin Mansell (with D. Paré, J. Humphrey, H. Schmitz) A joint LSE-IDS project funded by DFID Presentation for 3 rd Sociotechnical Lecture Series, Westminster Business School, 20 February 2002

2. Internet-based B2B e-commerce will extend the abilities of firms to access trading networks and expand network memberships through open internetworking. B2B e-commerce for awareness building, transacting business, redefining value chains Opportunities for all producer firms world-wide due to major reductions in transaction costs Migrating Trading Practices to E-Commerce

3. Information control - firms are more likely to enter open networks if they can preserve control of key resources (including vital information) Despite all the hype for B2B e-commerce, what new scope is there for managerial control of the value chain? A ‘New Economy’, but an Old Economy Problem

4. Existing Proprietary EDI Networks Pathway 1 (persist with existing system) Pathway 2 (substitute closed system with open Internet system) Pathway 3 (complement closed system with open Internet system) Pathway 4 (substitute closed system with semi-open Internet system and partition Internet space into ‘closed membership communities’) Internet technologies (as system perturbation) Past Events, Selection and Expectations B2B E-Commerce Migration Strategies

5. B2B e-commerce is seen as a means of reducing trade-related transaction costs by providing opportunities to develop direct one-to-one trading relationships between buyers and sellers Internet-based B2B e-commerce is expected to lead to ‘leap- frogging’. B2B e-commerce promises a radical shift in the way that firms trade with one another. The ‘New Institutionalist’ Transaction-cost Theory

6. Complementary services are needed for negotiating and fulfilling contracts and for ensuring contract terms between trading parties are met. Most E-hubs do not assist producer firms directly with logistics or oversee the settlement process. E-hubs are not well-prepared to facilitate trade of labour intensive products or products without a high degree of standardisation. Market power still matters; institutional processes shape how e-marketplaces using new technology develop. The ‘Old Institutionalist’ Transaction-cost Theory

7. “Neutral Internet-based intermediaries that focus on specific industry verticals or specific business processes, host electronic marketplaces, and use various market-making mechanisms to mediate any-to-any transactions among businesses”. (Kaplan and Sawhney 1999) E-hubs are expected to address transaction cost-related problems of coordination and of motivation due to information asymmetries. (Milgrom and Roberts 1992) Defining e-Hubs

8. Focus on Internet-based B2B e-commerce in two sectors – garments and horticulture. Sectors are important for the employment and export growth of poor countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trading platforms (e-hubs) for these products are in operation. Examines the attributes and experiences of e-hubs and of the buyers and sellers that are brought together by these portals. Evidence of how trading relationships are being constructed rather than speculation about the future. The B2B E-Commerce Project

9. B2B e-Marketplaces (117 e-hubs) FoodTrader.com Agriwatch.com™ ClickTex.com Biz2Biz.com

10.  Transport: There is no point trying to sell products that cannot be delivered, at reasonable, cost to the buyer's desired location.  Payment systems: E-commerce requires low-cost and reliable payment systems.  Confidence in the product: Buyers must be confident that the product being purchased meets the desired specifications.  Availability of effective redress: As in all other forms of commerce, customers must be confident that they can obtain redress if something goes wrong. B2B e-Marketplace Requirements

11. e-Retail: E-hub sells products/services to users. Similar to exchange on B2C web sites. Direct Buyer/Seller Links: E-hub offers a means for sellers to post direct links from hub to own company Web-sites. Online Auctions: E-hub acts as an agent on behalf of independent sellers; or as a retailer, and hybrids. Request for Quotes: Seller or buyer posts a message to a forum indicating a desire to buy/sell particular items. Trade Leads/Classifieds: Buyers or sellers post messages to a forum with control over firm access. E-Hub Exchange Structures

12. B2B e-hubs are unlikely to enable a reduction in overall transaction costs, sufficient to facilitate entry into new global markets. B2B e-hub providers do not appear to be providing the types of services that firms need to engage in transaction preparation and completion. Most e-hubs focus on minimising information search costs - bringing ‘strangers’ together - ‘buyer and seller beware’. Product certification, product quality, or trading partner reputation is not easily accessible at e-hubs. Empirical Results

13. Exchange Structure Combinations

14. Information in Horticulture/Agriculture Exchange Structures

15. Information in Garment/Apparel Exchange Structures

16. Exchange Settlement Mechanisms

17. Access to Delivery Mechanisms

18. Access to Logistical Support

19. Further Reading and Resources D. Paré (2002) ‘Does This Site Deliver? B2B E-commerce Services for Developing Countries’, http://www.gapresearch.org/production/ecommerce.html J. Humphrey (2002) Business-to-business e-Commerce and Access to Global Markets: Exclusive or Inclusive Outcomes?, http://www.gapresearch.org/production/ecommerce.html R. Mansell et al. (2002) ‘E-commerce: Accelerator of Development?’ IDS Policy Briefing Paper, http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/briefs/brief14.html R. Mansell (2001) Issues Paper on E-Commerce prepared for OECD Forum, http://www.gapresearch.org/production/ecommerce.html