1. 2015/10/201 Regional Organizations Prof. Philip Yang National Taiwan University

2. 2015/10/202 Regionalism Regionalism is seen as “a process-oriented concept that encompasses different phenomena happening at the various stages of its formation. These include regionalization which is often market-driven, follow by emergence of regional consciousness, and then deliberate regional inter-state cooperation leading to regional integration. Regionalism is therefore not only a geographical concept but a dynamic process encompassing a concentration of economic, political and socio- cultural linkages.”

3. 2015/10/203 Regionalism vs. Globalism Regionalism often put forward as an alternative to globalism Globalism: a tendency towards a global social system, programmatic globalization, the vision of a borderless world, the end of geography Regionalism: the world is large and heterogeneous; therefore a regional approach more productive, common culture and problems

4. 2015/10/204 Regionalism or Regionalization Regionalism is created "from above“: often created by regional governments through the establishment of regional IGOs. Regionalization is a “bottom-up” process, a more spontaneous process from within the regions led by economic investments and societal exchanges.

5. 2015/10/205 Open Regionalism Open regionalism basically refers to nondiscriminatory or nonexclusive regional trading liberalization. The concept represents an effort to achieve the best of both worlds: the benefits of regional liberalization without jeopardizing the continued vitality of the multilateral system.

6. 2015/10/206 Major Regional IGOs Europe : European Union (EU) Council of Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) European Space Agency (ESA) European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

7. 2015/10/207 America Organization of American States (OAS) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Mercosur (Southern Common Market) Andean Community Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Central American Parliament

8. 2015/10/208 Africa African Union (Organization for African Unity) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Southern African Development Community (SADC) Conseil de l'Entente

9. 2015/10/209 Asia Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN, ARF, ASEAN+3) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Gulf Cooperation Council Pacific Islands Forum

10. 2015/10/2010 Eurasian Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Eurasian Economic Community Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)

11. 2015/10/2011

12. 2015/10/2012 Dark Side of Regionalism Inward-oriented Protectionism Blocking stone of globalism Opposite of global market order

13. 2015/10/2013 Functionalism Based on the work of David Mitrany Habits of collaboration in functional areas eventually spill over into the political sphere. The result is greater cooperation amongst states and the breaking down of political barriers.

14. Against Functionalism Regional integration is understood as a linear process, making explanation of setbacks impossible. States still vigorously guard their political independence. Although functionalism is supposed to be non-normative, there is a lack of empirical data to support it. 2015/10/2014

15. Neorealism and Neoliberalism Neorealism essentially identifies a global logic of anarchy and emphasizes relative gains, making regional cooperation difficult. Neoliberalism does not deny this logic of anarchy, but emphasizes absolute gains, making cooperation possible. 2015/10/2015

16. A Reactionary Regionalism? Regional initiatives are often designed to mediate and moderate external influences, so regionalism can be seen as a reaction to global problems. For example “Asian values” can be seen as a reaction to Western modernity, and “fortress Europe” a reaction to the mass flows of people caused by globalisation. 2015/10/2016

17. Discussion Question Do we need regionalism in East Asia? What are the opportunities and dangers of the developing regionalism between East Asian countries? 2015/10/2017