1. On the Radiative and Dynamical Feedbacks over the Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue De-Zheng Sun John Fasullo Tao Zhang Andres Roubicek J. Climate, 2003, Vol. 16, 2425-2432 冷舌

2. The equatorial cold tongue

4. Walker Circulation

5. Solar radiation Outgoing Longwave Radiation Surface heat flux into the ocean Net radiative flux

6. S: the net solar radiation Sc: the clear-sky solar radiation Cs: the shortwave forcing of clouds F: the outgoing longwave radiation E: the surface emission G: the total greenhouse effect Ga: the greenhouse effect of water vapor Cl: the greenhouse effect of clouds Da: the vertically integrated, horizontal convergence of total energy Fs: the net surface heat flux into the ocean

7. The model data of CCM3 VS the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment(ERBE) The equatorial cold tongue

8. SST Anomaly The greenhouse effect of water vapor Da Observation Model Observation Model Cs Cl El Nino warming La Nina cooling JAN JAN JAN JAN 1986 1987 1988 1989 0 1

10. 高雲 低雲 中雲 觀測 模式

12. 相加

13. 觀測 模式

14. The results show that the net atmospheric feedback in the CCM3 over the equatorial Pacific cold tongue region is strongly positive (5.1 W M -2 K -1 ), while the net atmospheric feedback in the real atmosphere is strongly negative (-6.4 W M -2 K -1 ).

15. This discrepancy is largely due to errors in cloud feedbacks The positive feedback from the greenhouse effect of clouds in the model is significantly larger than the observed, while the negative feedback from the solar forcing of clouds in the model is significantly weaker.