1. 1 www.arl.org/sparc Strategies to Change the Nature of Scholarly Communication University of Hawaii 16 December 2003 Honolulu, HI Julia C. Blixrud SPARC Assistant Director, Public Programs and ARL Assistant Executive Director, External Relations SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITION An initiative of the Association of Research Libraries

2. 2 www.arl.org/sparc Circle of Gifts SOCIETY AUTHOR LIBRARY READER

3. 3 www.arl.org/sparc Book and Journal Costs, 1986-2002

4. 4 www.arl.org/sparc Drive to Acquire More Content 1998 20002002/03 Blackwell BlackwellBlackwell Churchill Livingston ElsevierCandover & Cinven* Elsevier Harcourt Kluwer Academic Harcourt Churchill Livingston Springer Karger MosbyElsevier Mosby Karger Harcourt Plenum Springer Churchill Livingston Springer Taylor & Francis Mosby Taylor & Francis WileyKarger Thomson Wolters KluwerTaylor & Francis Waverly WaverlyWiley Wiley Thomson ScienceWolters Kluwer Wolters Kluwer Plenum TOTAL: 13 8 7

5. 5 www.arl.org/sparc Commercialization Includes Primary & Secondary STM publishing. Aggregators represent an additional $1.6 billion (Total: $9.5 billion.) Source: Outsell Inc., "Industry Trends, Size and Players in the Scientific, Technical & Medical (STM) Market (Aug. 2000).

6. 6 www.arl.org/sparc SPARC Strategies (1) 1.Expanded non-profit publishing capacity  Alternative journals  New digital platforms 2.New business models  Open access journals 3.Disaggregated system  Disciplinary repositories  Institutional repositories $300 $800

7. 7 www.arl.org/sparc Alternative Journals

8. 8 www.arl.org/sparc New Digital Platforms Online information community for bioscience journals Unique collaborative organization governed by scientific societies and libraries Online information community for independent and society journals in mathematics and statistics Created by Cornell University Libraries

9. 9 www.arl.org/sparc SPARC Strategies (2) 1.Expanded non-profit publishing capacity  Alternative journals  New digital platforms 2.New business models  Open-access journals 3.Disaggregated system  Disciplinary repositories  Institutional repositories

10. 10 www.arl.org/sparc Open Access No-fee access on the public internet to works and data that are currently given away to publishers by researchers and scholars with no expectation of financial payment Two complementary strategies  Open access journals  Self-archiving (institutional/disciplinary repositories)

11. 11 www.arl.org/sparc Open Access Offers Expanded access to research Expanded impact of research Reduced systemic cost Lawrence, Steve (2001). “Free online availability substantially increases a paper's impact.” Nature, Vol. 411, No. 6837, p. 521

12. 12 www.arl.org/sparc Open Access Statements Budapest Open Access Initiative www.soros.org/openaccess/ Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm The Wellcome Trust www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/1/awtvispolpub.html Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/ berlindeclaration.html

13. 13 www.arl.org/sparc Open Access Journals Pay for publication, not access Successful conversions will be pulled by community, not pushed by others. Less impetus to go open access for moderate, empathetic publishers. Will require experimentation

14. 14 www.arl.org/sparc Open Access Journals Article publication fees Institution submission charge Institutional contributions & subsidies Grants Named gifts Off-print sales to authors Advertising Sponsorships Partnerships Convenience format licenses Differentiated printed version Premium online version Some options for paying the cost of publication: No single model -- hybrids required to generate sufficient revenue.

15. 15 www.arl.org/sparc Open Access Resources ARL Open Access Web Site www.arl.org/scomm/open_access/index.html Guide to Business Planning for Converting a Subscription-based Journal to Open Access www.soros.org/openaccess/oajguides/html/ business_converting.htm Guide to Business Planning for Launching a New Open Access Journal www.soros.org/openaccess/oajguides/html/ business_planning.htm Directory of Open Access Journals www.doaj.org/

16. 16 www.arl.org/sparc SPARC Strategies (3) 1.Expanded non-profit publishing capacity  Alternative journals  New digital platforms 2.New business models  Open-access journals 3.Disaggregated system  Disciplinary repositories  Institutional repositories

17. 17 www.arl.org/sparc J O U R N A L Aggregated System Scholarly publishing comprises four functions: * Current model: integrates these functions in journals ARCHIVING Preserving research for future use AWARENESS Assuring accessibility of research CERTIFICATION Certifying the quality/validity of the research REGISTRATION Establishing intellectual priority *Roosendaal, Hans E. and Peter A. Th. M. Geurts (1998). “Forces and functions in scientific communication: an analysis of their interplay.” CRISP 97.

18. 18 www.arl.org/sparc Disaggregated System Scholarly publishing comprises four functions: Disaggregated model: Allow functions to be fulfilled independently ARCHIVING Preserving research for future use AWARENESS Assuring accessibility of research CERTIFICATION Certifying the quality/validity of the research REGISTRATION Establishing intellectual priority

19. 19 www.arl.org/sparc How the Pieces Work Together Author ContentServices Reader Institutional Repositories Disciplinary Repositories Peer-to-peer Repositories Interoperability Standards Registration Certification Awareness Archiving JOURNAL Open repositories lessen or eliminate the content monopoly of journals. Societies, publishers, institutions, new entrants are service providers.

20. 20 www.arl.org/sparc Issues Surrounding Open Access The importance of reward structures The fear of absence of peer review The influence of funding organizations The power of authors self-archiving their research papers in OAI-compliant repositories The development of new business models The adjustments to accessing scholarly information disseminated differently The concern that copyright and intellectual property will be ignored

21. 21 www.arl.org/sparc To Be Part of the Open Access Movement Publish in open access journals when possible (XML, pdf, HTML, TeX) If not possible, self-archive in OAI- compliant repositories in a machine- readable format (such as XML) Should that not be possible either, self- archive in other formats (such as pdf) However, in *any* case, make sure your articles are freely and publicly available!

22. 22 www.arl.org/sparc Julia C. Blixrud Assistant Director, Public Programs SPARC 21 Dupont Circle, Ste 800 Washington, DC 20036 jblix@arl.org 202-296-2296 ext. 133 202-872-0884 (fax) 202-251-4678 (mobile) SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITION An initiative of the Association of Research Libraries