1. G A L L I U M Group13 Siti Rohmatikah (10503046)
Rasminda Senovita ( )
Nurrahmi H ( )
Dani Setiawan ( )

2. Overview of Gallium Origin of name: History: Sources:
L. Gallia, France
Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock
History:
Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum (Ea)
discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875
in the same year Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH
Sources:
found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal

3. Atomic Structure of Gallium
Number of Energy Levels: 4
First Energy Level : 2 Second Energy Level : 8 Third Energy Level : 18 Fourth Energy Level : 3

4. Crystal Structure of Gallium
Orthorombic

5. Physical Properties Atomic Mass Average: 69.723 Melting Point : 29.9°C
Boiling Point : 2403°C
Conductivity :
Electrical : /cm
Thermal : W/cmK
Density : 300K
Description:
Soft silver-white metal
Properties similar to aluminum
Enthalpy of Atomization : kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Fusion : 5.59 kJ/mole
Enthalpy of Vaporization : kJ/mole

6. Chemical Properties Electron Work Function : 4.2eV
Electronegativity : 1.81 (Pauling)
Heat of Fusion : 5.59 kJ/mol
Ionization Potential:
First : 5.999
Second : 20.51
Third : 30.71
Valence Electron Potential : eV

7. Chemical Reactions with air: 2 Ga(g) + N2(g) → 2 GaN(s) with water:
Ga3+(aq) + H2O(l) → Ga(OH)2+(aq) + H+(aq)
with acids:
Ga(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → GaCl3(aq) + 3 H+(aq)
with bases:
GaCl3(aq) + 4 LiH(s) → LiGaH4(aq) + 3 LiCl(aq)
with halogens:
3 Ga(s) + AlF3(aq) → 3 GaF(aq) + Al3+(aq)

8. Isotopes & Abundances
only present due to small traces in the natural environment, in water, and in residue on vegetables and fruits
Isotopes’ Half Life
Ga-66 : 9.5 hours
Ga-67 : 3.3 days
Ga-68 : 1.1 hours
Ga-69 : Stable (60.1%)
Ga-71 : Stable (39.9%)
Ga-72 : hours

9. Use of Gallium
Semiconductors: solid-state devices such as ICs, transistors (GaAs)
component in low-melting alloys
substitutes for mercury dental amalgams
high-temperature thermometer
laser diodes (GaN)
LEDs
solar cells
LCDs and FPDs
used to locate tumors
used to detect solar neutrinos

10. Health Effects
pure gallium is not a harmful substance for humans to touch
gallium radioactive compound, gallium [67Ga] citrate, can be injected into the body and used for gallium scanning without harmful effects
should not be purposefully consumed in large doses
some gallium compounds can actually be very dangerous. For example: GaCl3

11. Environmental Effects
gallium is used to hold some nuclear bomb pits together
when the pits are cut and plutonium oxide powder is formed, the gallium remains in the plutonium
the plutonium then becomes unusable in fuel because the gallium is corrosive to several other elements. If the gallium is removed, however, the plutonium becomes useful again
the problem is that the process to remove the gallium contributes to a huge amount of pollution of water with radioactive substances