1. Time space and humanity: matters of scale?

2. Time: attributes –Date –Duration: ‘thickness’ –Order: tense –Rate of change: continuity / discontinuous –Frequency –Synchronization –Series –Cycles –Scenes –Episodes –Phases –Events –Time frame –Resolution

3. Time: scales –Second –Minute –Hour –Day –Month –Week – Year –Decade –Century –Era –History –Pre History –Geological

4. Space –Location –Distance –Direction –Area –Point –Line –Volume –Surface –Nodes –Vectors –Flows –Resolutions

5. Space Socially mediated Body House Home Community Institution Street City Rural Region Nation Supra-national block World Administrative ED Ward District County Nation Continent World

6. But whose scale? Scientist’s? Historian’s? Anthropologist’s? Factory owner or worker’s? Conservation agency or developer Archivist or style guru? Tourist or taverna owner?

7. People time and space Absolute or relative? General or unique? Experiential: place or space? Monumental? Social? Natural or cultural? Theoretical or empirical?

8. Evidence for processes of change in space Morphological study: survey Maps Air photos Remotely sensed data Archaeological investigation Dating methods Documentary sources: textual analysis Interviews Focus groups Questionnaires Photography Observation

9. How have human geographers approached scale in time and space? Philosophical approaches to time and space can be linked to contested approaches to the discipline in general

10. How have human geographers approached scale in time and space? How have human geographers approached scale in time and space? 1. Time and space as description of the unique e.g. Clifford Darby and historical regional geographies. Post-war orthodoxy in British Geography. Empiricist source driven research. Wide time spans,, ‘cross sectional mappings’ and vertical themes: links to the regional tradition. Focus on cultural landscapes. Not individuals. Not process. Forms to be described.

11. How have human geographers approached scale in time and space? 2. Time and space as objects for spatial science e.g. Janelle (1968) Time space convergence, network analysis, point pattern analysis, ‘objectification of the social.’ Locational analysis. Catastrophe theory. Objectification and reification for spatial forms. Carried forward by GIS. Spatial modelling.

12. How have human geographers approached scale in time and space? 3. Lived time and place e.g. Hägerstrand Small scale, short term individual approaches e.g. Time Space diary exercises. Humanistic and relativistic. Recent shift to more positioned studies oriented around the everyday places e.g. Valentine (2001).

13. How have human geographers approached scale in time and space? 4. Time and space as socially mediated Marxist approaches to time and space regard time as the logical outcome of a mode of production Feudal time Colonial time Post- modern time etc Spatial forms at any time reflect class relations e.g. Harvey (1989): time space compression ‘Processes that so revolutionise the objective qualities of space and time that we are forced to alter in sometimes quite radical ways, how we represent the world to ourselves’ Focus is upon structure, scales are large, the dynamic of change is of concern, emphasis upon process and explanation.

14. How have human geographers approached scale in time and space? 5.Time and space as metaphors and representations e.g. Barnes (1996) Postmodern emphases upon time and space as contested fields of representation, focus upon language and meaning, upon critical interrogation. Scale hugely contingent upon context.