1. CHAPTER 37 Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century World Civilization: The Global Experience Fifth Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

2. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Latin America After World War II II. Radical Options in the 1950s III. Societies in Search of Change

3. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Latin America After World War II A. Mexico and the PRI Party of the Institutionalized Republic economic growth paramount Zapatistas Chiapas NAFTA 2000 national election PRI out Translated definition of the acronym, PRI: Partido Revolucionario Institucional What does NAFTA stand for? What countries are involved in it? What benefit does NAFTA bring? What detractions does NAFTA bring? 2000: Vincente Fox, PAN (National Action Party) 2006: Filipe Calderon, PAN: victor by 0.58 % margin

4. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Radical Options in the 1950s Venezuela, Costa Rica reforms open elections Marxist options Bolivia mix of radicalism and reaction A. Guatemala: Reform and U.S. Intervention Economic disparities High mortality rate Coffee, banana export Labor coalition Juan José Arevalo elected, 1944 begins land reform Foreign interests e.g. United Fruit Company 1951 elections Jacobo Arbenz elected more radical land reform U.S. steps in overthrown with CIA help Reform ends Why so appealing? Banana republic is a country that is politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture (e.g. bananas), and ruled by a small, self-elected, wealthy, and corrupt clique. The term banana republic is a pejorative term first used by American author O. Henry in his 1904 book of linked short stories, Cabbages and Kings. The book is based on Henry's 1896-97 stay in Honduras, while hiding from federal authorities for embezzlement in the United States.

5. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Radical Options in the 1950s B. The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Caribbean American influence following Spanish rule Sugar export Fulgencio Batista, 1934-1944 military reformer 1940, new constitution Fidel Castro 1953, attempted revolution Che Guevara helps Castro, 1956 student, labor support 1958, Batista out 1961, breaks relations with Cuba 1962, threat of nuclear war Continuing Soviet aid Explain how that works???

6. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Radical Options in the 1950s C. The Search for Reform and the Military Option Continuity Mexico, one-party system Venezuela, Chile Christian Democratic Liberation Theology

7. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Radical Options in the 1950s D. Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power Military intervenes in politics, 1960soften U.S.-backed Brazil military takes over, 1964 Argentina military coup, 1966 Chile Salvador Allende, socialist overthrown by military, 1973 Uruguay, 1973 Peru, 1968 Conditions workers hard-hit continuing structural problems repression, torture But wait… I thought that socialism was to benefit the proletariat??? Remember Orwell, all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.

8. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Radical Options in the 1950s E. The New Democratic Trends Cold war pressures eased in mid-80s Argentina elections, 1983 Brazil presidential elections, 1989 Peru Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), 1990s leftist guerillas El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala truces between governments, rebels Panama U.S. invades A sense of what’s to come Foreshadowing Gen. Manuel Noriega, dictator US Justification: Safeguarding the lives of U.S. citizens Defending democracy and human rights Combating drug traffickingdemocracyhuman rightsdrug trafficking Protecting the integrity of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties What does this do to the political climate?

9. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Radical Options in the 1950s F. The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence American investors Intervention pre-1933, 30 times Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt Cold War new involvement more indirect involvement JFK: Alliance for Progress, 1961 Jimmy Carter civil liberties Ronald Reagan, George Bush more direct intervention U.S. Military Interventions, 1898-2000

10. Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 III. Societies in Search of Change A. Slow Change in Women's Roles Vote Ecuador, 1929 some only in 1950s Significant progress by mid-80s !!! B. The Movement of People Mortality down, fertility up Urban growth Mexico City, São Paolo, 1999 18 million shantytowns III. Societies in Search of Change C. Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope Popular culture strong blend Jorge Luis Borges Gabriel García Marquez