1. Evidence-Based Medicine MD. Chia-Chen Hsu

2. The Steps in the EBM Process The patient1. Start with the patient -- a clinical problem or question arises out of the care of the patient The question2. Construct a well built clinical question derived from the case The resource3. Select the appropriate resource(s) and conduct a search The evaluation4. Appraise that evidence for its validity (closeness to the truth) and applicability (usefulness in clinical practice) The patient5. Return to the patient -- integrate that evidence with clinical expertise, patient preferences and apply it to practice Self-evaluation6. Evaluate your performance with this patient

3. Step 1 Start with the patient -- a clinical problem or question arises out of the care of the patient A 65 y/o female patient visited our clinic with major complaint of right anterior knee pain for six months. She had received right TKA for 3 years. Non-resurfacing patella was found by radiololgical examination. Should we resurface the patella in every TKA ?

4. Step 2 Construct a well built clinical question derived from the case Formulating Answerable Questions 形成可回答的問題 Question components: PICO – What types of P articipants ?  Patient and their problem – What types of I nterventions ?  Intervention – What types of C omparison ?  Comparison – What types of O utcomes ?  Outcome

5. Patient or problem InterventionComparisonOutcome Description of the patient or the target disorder of interest Exposure Diagnostic test Prognostic factor Therapy Patient perception Relevant most often when looking at therapy questions Clinical outcome of interest to you're your patient PICO

6. Type of Question EBM starts with a clear clinical question Well defined in order to be answerable Clinical questions generally fall into 1. Causation / Etiology / Harm 2. Diagnosis / Screening 3. Therapy / Prevention 4. Prognosis / Nature history

7. The well-formulated question: Therapy People – Exposure – Comparison – Outcomes My Question In a 65 y/o woman with a end-stage degenerative OA knee, could the patella resurfacing decrease the risk of anterior knee pain after total knee replacement ? In a 65 y/o woman with a OA knee, can patellar resurfacing in TKA surgery decrease the risk of anterior knee pain compared with non-resurfacing of patella ?

8. Step 3 The resource Select the appropriate resource(s) and conduct a search What is the ideal resource? –Located in the clinical setting –Easy to use –Fast, reliable connection –Comprehensive /Full Text –Effective search engine –Provides primary data

9. Resources Colleagues Textbooks –Burn your (traditional) textbooks Summaries of the primary evidence –ACP Journal Club | Clinical Evidence | eMedicine | POEMs and InfoRetriever | UpToDate Databases –MEDLINE | Cochrane Library Electronic textbooks and libraries –Harrisons | MD Consult | Scientific American Medicine Online | Stat!Ref Meta-Search Engines –SUMSearch | TRIP: Turning Research into Practice

12. Limits

19. Types of Studies

20. 87:1438-1445, 2005. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Emilios E. Pakos, Evangelia E. Ntzani and Thomas A. Trikalinos Investigation performed at the Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology,University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece, and the Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies,Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. Patellar Resurfacing in Total Knee Arthroplasty. A Meta-Analysis

23. If the sole evidence you have about a treatment is from non-randomized studies, you have five options: Doing another literature search See whether the treatment effect is so huge, unethical to randomize Trial concluded that the treatment was useless or harmful “ n-of-1 ” trial Try to find evidence for some other treatment or simply provide supportive care.

24. Randomized Trials A Randomized Trial is most effective in experimental studies to make generalizations about a population because: – Randomization decreases bias from confounding factors – Blinding both the investigators and patients decreases bias. Advantages: – Strong Evidence for cause and effect – Can be faster and cheaper than observational study Disadvantages: – Can be costly and of long duration – Ethical issues may prevent experimentation – Disease may be too rare – Study intervention may be too different from common practice – Tend to restrict scope and narrow the study question

25. Patellar Resurfacing in Total Knee Arthroplasty Background: Patellar resurfacing during total knee arthroplasty remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique through an evaluation of the current literature. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing total knee arthroplasties performed with and without patellar resurfacing. Outcomes of interest included the number of reoperations, the prevalence of postoperative anterior knee pain, and the improvement in various knee scores.

26. Materials and Methods Searched  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomized trials comparing total knee arthroplasties performed with and without patellar resurfacing; References of retrieved articles were also screened. no language restrictions. regardless of the indication for total knee arthroplasty, the surgical technique, or the specific type of prosthesis used.

29. the risk of reoperation in knees with resurfaced and nonresurfaced patellae

30. the risk of reoperation according to the duration of follow-up

31. The risk of postoperative anterior knee pain

33. Patellar Resurfacing in Total Knee Arthroplasty Results1: Ten trials assessing 1223 knees were eligible. The absolute risk of reoperation was reduced by 4.6% (95% confidence interval, 1.9% to 7.3%) in the patellar resurfacing arm (between-study heterogeneity, p < 0.01; I 2 = 60%),implying that one would have to resurface twenty-two patellae (95% confidence interval, fourteen to fifty- two patellae) in order to prevent one reoperation. (NNT= 1/ARR = 1/ 4.6% = 21.7)

34. Patellar Resurfacing in Total Knee Arthroplasty Results 2: Patellar resurfacing reduced the absolute risk of postoperative anterior knee pain by 13.8% (95% confidence interval, 6.4% to 21.2%), implying that one would have to resurface seven patellae (95% confidence interval, five to sixteen patellae) in order to prevent one case of postoperative anterior knee pain. (NNT= 1/ 13.8% = 7.24) Only four trials provided adequate data for a quantitative synthesis of the changes in the various knee scores; on the basis of those four trials, there was no difference in the mean improvement in the knee scores (standardized mean difference, 0.03; 95% confidence interval, −0.50 to 0.56).

35. Conclusions The available evidence indicates that patellar resurfacing reduces the risks of reoperation and anterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty. The observed effects are clinically important despite their modest magnitude. Additional, carefully designed randomized trials are required to strengthen this claim.