1. Gender Statistics in the Labour Market Angela Me UNECE Statistics Division

2. Economic life Work Segregation Wages Accessibility Quality Income Poverty

3. Working age Population Labour Force Employed By occupation By industry By status Unemployed Outside labour force (not active) HouseworkStudyPensionOther Segregation

4. Working age Population Labour Force EmployedUnemployed Outside labour force (not active) HouseworkStudyPensionOther Activity rate Unemployment Rate

5. Working age Population Labour Force EmployedUnemployed Outside labour force (not active) HouseworkStudyPensionOther Employment Rate

6. Employment Indicators Activity Rate = Labour Force/Total Working Age Population Employment Rate = Total Employed/Total Working Age Population Unemployment Rate = Total Unemployed/Labour Force

7. Working age Population Labour Force EmployedUnemployed Outside labour force (not active) HouseworkStudyPensionOther Labour Force Surveys, Census, Surveys LFS, Census, Registers Enterprise surveys, LFS, Census

8. Unemployment LFS Registered

9. Employment Formally there is a clear distinction between employed and non employed population ILO definition: a person is currently employed if he/she has worked at least one hour the week previous the survey Work: for income (cash or kind) or unpaid production of goods

10. BUT … measurement challenges Informal employment Difficult to measure Important because it identifies the quality of work Often informal employment is not measured: need for special module in surveys Formal employment Easier to measure because close to the people idea of work

11. What is Informal Employment? Persons in informal employment are those who work in the informal sector or in formal units with no formal benefits Informal employment is broader than employment in informal sector Informal sector units are household units with low level of organization, small scale operations, casual labour relations, and where business and household accounting can not be distinguished

12. Paid/Unpaid work Unpaid work Production of goods Production of services (child care, preparation of meals, …) Source Time-use surveys

13. Paid/Unpaid work Why is the measurement of informal sector and unpaid work a gender issue? Because they contribute to have a better understanding of women work

14. Occupational segregation

15. Segregation Horizontal Segregation There is no hierarchical order in the different categories Vertical Segregation There is a hierarchical order (salary, power, prestige, …) Inequality

16. Measurement of Segregation OccupationFemaleMale Legislators, senior official and managers 25,40039,000 Professionals92,30054,600 Clerks21,4003,900 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 5,60093,000

17. Measurement of Segregation OccupationDistribution of Female Distribution of Male Legislators, senior official and managers 17.5%20.5% Professionals 63.8%28.6% Clerks 14.8%2% Plant and machine operators and assemblers 3.9%48.9%

18. Measurement of Segregation OccupationSex distribution female Sex distribution male Legislators, senior official and managers 39.4%60.6% Professionals 62.8%37.2% Clerks 84.6%15.4% Plant and machine operators and assemblers 5.7%94.3%

19. Measurement of Segregation There is inequality: the smallest share of women is in the higher professional categories

20. Employment by status of employment Employees Employers Own-account workers Members of producing cooperatives Unpaid family workers Self-employed

21. Employment: Data availability SourceAvailabilityData collection By OccupationNSOSmall categories need large sample (census) LFS, Census, By IndustryNSOEnterprise surveys may be incomplete/small categories need large samples LFS, Census, Enterprise surveys By statusNSOLFS, Census

22. Gender Wage gap Men average salary - women average salary Men salary Does it measure discrimination?

23. Gender Wage gap

24. It simply measures different earnings between women and men without saying the causes Need to disaggregate wage gap by: Occupation Full/part time ……

25. Gender Wage gap Average wages can be calculated: Hourly Weekly Monthly Annually The average Hourly wage is the best measure since it overcomes the bias due to part-time and full-time jobs

26. Gender Wage gap Sources Enterprise surveys LFS Better source for disaggregated data

27. Accessibility to labour market Employment by family composition (number of children) Need to include a module on family care in LFS