1. Copyright 2013 1 Jindivik (1948–1986) Target Drone

2. Copyright 2013 2 Global Hawk Strategic Reconaissance

3. Copyright 2013 3 Predator Hunter-Killer

4. Copyright 2013 4 Hobbyist 'Micro-Drones' Surveillance

5. Copyright 2013 5 Military 'Micro-Drones' Tactical Reconnaisance

6. Copyright 2013 6 'Nano-Drones'

7. Copyright 2013 7 Drone Swarms

8. Copyright 2013 8 Submersible Drones ?

9. Copyright 2013 9 Some Failures First UK law enforcement use Lost in the Mersey River off Liverpool (BBC 2011) First Australian media use Lost off Christmas Island (Corcoran 2012) First US police-owned drone, in Texas Crashed into a police vehicle (Biddle 2012) In South Korea, a drone crashed into its control truck, killing 1, and injuring 2 'remote' pilots (Marks 2012) Micro-drones in CBDs Auckland (Mortimer 2012), Sydney (Kontominas 2013)

10. Copyright 2013 10 Drones Roger Clarke Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra Visiting Professor in Computer Science, ANU, Canberra Visiting Professor in Cyberspace Law & Policy, UNSW, Sydney http://www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/Drones {-E, -I, -RPS, -RBP}.html ANU Summer Scholar Series 27 November 2013

11. Copyright 2013 11 What Technical Challenges? Scalability of safeguards To achieve low cost, compromise what?

12. Copyright 2013 12 What Technical Challenges? Scalability of safeguards To achieve low cost, compromise what? How much autonomy? Stability, obstruction-avoidance, flight-path

13. Copyright 2013 13 What Technical Challenges? Scalability of safeguards To achieve low cost, compromise what? How much autonomy? Stability, obstruction-avoidance, flight-path Reliance on data-feeds, control-feeds Protection of data-feeds, control-feeds Fail-Safe / Fail-Soft means what exactly?

14. Copyright 2013 14 What Technical Challenges? Scalability of safeguards To achieve low cost, compromise what? How much autonomy? Stability, obstruction-avoidance, flight-path Reliance on data-feeds, control-feeds Protection of data-feeds, control-feeds Fail-Safe / Fail-Soft means what exactly? Fly as a Swarm or Flock, how exactly?

15. Copyright 2013 15 What Policy Challenges What Uses? What new Risks arise? What existing Risks are significantly exacerbated? Public Safety – accidents, violence Behavioral Privacy What Regulatory Framework applies? Is the regulatory framework appropriate? (large, small, micro, nano, swarms) Is the regulatory framework being adapted?