1. Homework 9 Complete the flash card sheets to illustrate the key ideas about your population and settlement case studies One has been done for you, so you know what to do Tectonic Hazards Mt Etna Volcano (Italy) Montserrat Volcano Haiti Earthquake Christchurch Earthquake (New Zealand) Atmosperic Hazards Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Sandy Typhoon Haiyan/Cyclone Nargis Drought in Ethiopia (the Sahel) Drought in Australia Use your notes, revision guides and the internet to help

2. Mt Etna Volcano (Italy) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Mt Etna burst into life with a series of massive explosions in October 2002. There had been some warning the previous 48 hours with a series of earth tremors – later put down to magma rising up the main vent. The most recent eruptions happened in August 2014, however the damage caused was minimal Photo: PLCs (PLaCe facts): Pre-eruption tremors caused nearby land to subside by 2m October 2002 eruption In fact there have only been 77 confirmed deaths directly related to Mt. Etna over the thousands of years of recorded volcanic activity

3. Montserrat (Volcano) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Montserrat is a small island in the Caribbean. There is a volcanic area located in the south of the island on Soufriere Hills called chances peak. Before 1995 it had been dormant for over 300 years. In 1995 the volcano began to give off warning signs of an eruption (small earthquakes and eruptions of dust and ash). Once Chances Peak had woken up it then remained active for five years. The most intense eruptions occurred in 1997 PLCs (PLaCe facts): Population (11,0000 In 1995 19 people died. Dormant for over 300 years until 1995.

4. Haiti (Earthquake) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: By 24 January, at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded. An estimated three million people were affected by the quake PLCs (PLaCe facts): 100,000 to 316,000 deaths. Last erupted 2010. Magnitude 7.0

5. Christchurch (Earthquake) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: The February 2011 Christchurch earthquake was a powerful natural event that severely damaged New Zealand's second-largest city, killing 185 people in one of the nation’s deadliest peacetimes disaster. PLCs (PLaCe facts): 185 deaths 1500–2000 injuries, 164 serious Last erupted 2011.

6. Hurricane Katrina/Sandy 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Hurricane Katrina was the deadliest and most destructive Atlantic tropical cyclone of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It is the costliest natural disaster, as well as one of the five deadliest hurricanes, in the history of the United States. PLCs (PLaCe facts): It is the costliest natural disaster. Total fatalities 1,833 August 23, 2005 – August 31, 2005

7. Cyclone Nargis/ Typhoon Haiyan 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: Cyclone Nargis was a rare, eastward moving at low- latitude strong tropical cyclone that caused the worst natural disaster in the recorded history of Myanmar. PLCs (PLaCe facts): Total fatalities: 138,366 Highest winds: 215 km/h Date: April 27, 2008 – May 7, 2008

8. Drought in Ethiopia (Sahel) 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: The Sahel drought was a series of historic droughts, beginning in at least the 17th century affecting the Sahel region, a climate zone sandwiched between the African savanna grasslands to the south and the Sahara desert to the north, across West and Central Africa. While the frequency of drought in the region is thought to have increased from the end of the 19th century, three long droughts have had dramatic environmental and societal effects upon the Sahel nations. PLCs (PLaCe facts): (UNCCD) was adopted and UNSO became the United Nations Development Programme's Office to Combat Desertification and Drought.

9. Drought in Australia 2 Sentence Summary of the case study: drought in Australia is defined in relation to a rainfall deficiency of pastoral leases and is determined by decile analysis applied to a certain area. Note that this definition uses rainfall only because long-term records are widely available across most of Australia. However, it does not take into account other variables that might be important for establishing surface water balance, such as evaporation and condensation. PLCs (PLaCe facts): The most recent widespread drought to effect the country occurred between the years 2003 to 2012.