1. Ch 7 Slide 1  Rule ordering – when there are multiple rules in the data, we have to decide if these rules interact with each other and how to order those rules to arrive at the correct outcome (surface forms as presented by the data). Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

2. Ch 7 Slide 2 Consider the following English data. Liquid devoicing: Liquids become voiceless after a voiceless stop at the beginning of a syllable. Schwa deletion: Schwa is deleted in an open syllable followed by a stressed syllable. What are the two rules observed in these data? Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

3. Ch 7 Slide 3 Rule application and derivation and order: Feeding = Two rules are said to be in a feeding order if the earlier rule creates environments in which the later rule can apply. Bleeding = If two rules, A and B, are in a bleeding order, the application of rule A causes a decrease in the number of forms to which rule B can apply. An example: suppose rule A changes some consonants from voiceless to voiced in some environments and rule B only applies to voiceless consonants. The application of rule A before rule B would mean that fewer forms are available for rule B to apply to. Counter Feeding = The ordering of two phonological rules so that Rule A, which could provide contexts for the operation of Rule B, is prevented from doing so by being ordered after Rule B Counter Bleeding = The ordering of two phonological rules so that Rule A, which could remove contexts in which Rule B operates, is prevented from doing so by being ordered after Rule B. Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

4. Ch 7 Slide 4 Rule application and derivation: The predictable processes applying to the UR forms to derive the PR Output (PR) does not match data! Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

5. Ch 7 Slide 5 Rule application and derivation: The predictable processes applying to the UR forms to derive the PR With respect to order of these rules and the actual outcome, what relationship must they occur in? Feeding Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

6. Ch 7 Slide 6  Canadian RaisingCanadian Raising Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

7. Ch 7 Slide 7 Rule ordering: Canadian raising - which rule applies is important for the outcome flapping = tapping Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

8. Ch 7 Slide 8 Rule ordering: Canadian raising - which rule applies is important for the outcome This order predicts the actual speech correctly – what relationship are these rules in? Bleeding Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

9. Ch 7 Slide 9 If the output shows surface forms below for some dialects (although as far as I know this is not attested!) then we seem to have a minimal pair. Hayes argues that this does not prove separate phonemes, but rather a displaced contrast. Basically, since the underlying forms of the tap show 2 phonemes (their distinction has been neutralized), and since the minimal pair only shows up before a tap, then the forms do not show a minimal pair at the phoneme level. Kinda circular, but hey that’s phonological theory! Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

10. Ch 7 Slide 10 Also, are oral and nasal vowels allophones of the same phoneme or separate phonemes? Assume that [d] in this language is actually a dental sound, not alveolar Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

11. Ch 7 Slide 11 all between vowels before [r], [a]; after [m], [n]; word initially, etc elsewhere #_ y #_ i i_ a Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

12. Ch 7 Slide 12 What 2 rules can you identify applying in the data? Voiced stops become voiced fricatives between vowels. Vowels become nasalized before nasal. What are the phonemes? /b/ /d/ and /g/ and oral vowels Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

13. Ch 7 Slide 13 What is the phonemic forms of the following: Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

14. Ch 7 Slide 14 Provide derivations for the following: Does it matter what order these words apply in? No, there is no feeding or bleeding relationship Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

15. Ch 7 Slide 15 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

16. Ch 7 Slide 16 Data show that long and short vowels are phonemic from minimal pairs below Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II But then we have the form And then we have the form And then We should expect So what happened to the long vowel???

17. Ch 7 Slide 17 Terms: ultimate = final // penultimate = 2 nd to last // antepenultimate = 3 rd to last preantepenultimate = anything before 3 rd to last We can explain by following rule: Preantepenultimate shortening = Shorten a vowel when at least 3 vowels follow it: [+syllabic]  [–long] / __ C 0 V C 0 V C 0 V Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

18. Ch 7 Slide 18 Here is the derivation Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

19. Ch 7 Slide 19 Rule applies generally to vowels more than 3 syllables from end regardless of what affixes are used How do we justify underlying form? Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II

20. Ch 7 Slide 20 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II We see that vowels show up as long when end of word but NOT when end of phrase so we need 2 rules. PFS WFL

21. Ch 7 Slide 21 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II Since phrase final is ALSO word final, we need to order the rules so that PFS applies after WFL so that we don’t end up with a long vowel at end of phrase. How do we know this order? Try it both ways and see which gives us the grammatical surface form

22. Ch 7 Slide 22 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II What about interaction between WFL and Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS) Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS) [+syllabic]  [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V WFL One lengthens a vowel and one shortens it so they could interact. We need proof so here are some more data

23. Ch 7 Slide 23 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II What about interaction between WFL and Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS) Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS) [+syllabic]  [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V WFL According to WFL, the final vowel of [kuna] should be long but it isn’t. Why? Because it is more than 3 syllables from end so PAS blocks it. So we need to order them like this: Not like this :

24. Ch 7 Slide 24 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II What about interaction between WFL and Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS) Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS) [+syllabic]  [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V WFL More proof Therefore:

25. Ch 7 Slide 25 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II Now we have this: To explain, we need this: PLS

26. Ch 7 Slide 26 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II Here is a derivation:

27. Ch 7 Slide 27 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II Since all these rules deal with long and short vowels at different places in the word, then these rules need to apply in the correct order to arrive at the correct surface forms. Also, need to apply after morphology and after syntax since they refer to the domains of word final and phrase final! Ch 7 Exercises 1-3 ask to prove what order these various rules apply. You need to show multiple derivations for each form to show when the rules are in a certain order, they will derive the correct output or not. Hayes gives you a hint by showing how the rules must be ordered

28. Ch 7 Slide 28 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II Look at Ex 5 Ch 7 and discuss. Look at fake Greek data and discuss.