1. Analysis of Gas Lift Transient Effects Henry Nickens Adam Ballard BP - Houston

2. 2 of 32 Gas Lift Instability Steady-state methods for gas lift design and analysis do not capture the pressure/temperature transients that inevitably occur in an operating gas lifted well. Transient well response occurs during: – Unloading the well – Well shut-down – Normal well operation (e.g., tubing/casing heading, multi-pointing) – Well kick off or shut-down with CT This paper presents analysis of gas lift instability for two design cases: 1. To aid in selection of optimum tubing size (5.5 in vs 7 in) 2. To determine hydrate formation in CT gas lift after shut-down

3. 3 of 32 Gas Lift Instabiliy OLGA2000 version 4.01 was used to model the wells –transient multi-phase flow simulator –developed by Scandpower Two cases are studied: 1.New well design to determine –optimum tubing size –Effect of injection rate, orifice size and wellhead pressure 2.CT gas lift shut-down to determine time to hydrate formation

4. 4 of 32 Gas Lift Instability – Case 1 A new well is to be drilled. Steady-state analysis shows that gas lifting 7-inch tubing gives potentially much greater production than 5.5-inch tubing. What is the expected stability of the well for the range of expected injection rates, production rates and water cuts? The onset of instability (severe slugging) was calculated as a function of injection rate and water cut to define the expected operating window for instability.

5. 5 of 32 Well Characteristics – Case 1 5 ½“ or 7 “ ERD Production Fluid –860 scf/stb GOR –33 oil API –0.663 gas SG –20000 ppm water salinity Gas lift –gas injection valve at 16000 feet MD (0.8125” ID) –1595 psia gas injection pressure –0.7 gas SG

6. 6 of 32 OLGA Model – Case 1 Model setup –WELL module used for inflow –constant P boundaries at tubing head and casing head –choke controlled for constant gas rate –gas lift orifice ID of 0.8125”

7. 7 of 32 Comparison of OLGA with Steady- State Simulators Case 1

8. 8 of 32 Sample Result – Case 1 – 5.5” 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 0123456789 Gas Injection Rate (mmscf/d) Oil Rate (stb/d) 1595 psia Injection 232 psia THP 2538 psia P res 0% Watercut 40% Watercut 95% Watercut OLGA - Solid Lines PROSPER - Dashed Lines 60% Watercut 80% Watercut Transient Flow Unstable Flow – Onset of Slugging

9. 9 of 32 Sample Result – Case 1 – 7” 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 0123456789 Gas Injection Rate (mmscf/d) Oil Rate (stb/d) 7" ERD Well 1595 psia Injection 232 psia THP 2538 psia P res 0% Watercut 40% Watercut OLGA - Solid Lines PROSPER - Dashed Lines Flow 95% Watercut 80% Watercut 60% Watercut Unstable Flow – Onset of Slugging

10. 10 of 32 Conclusions - Case 1 - Tubing ID The injection pressure did not have a significant impact on the stability of the flow. For both 7” and 5.5” tubing, flow is stable at watercuts below 80-90% The 5.5” tubing is more stable at higher watercuts. At 4 mmscf/d injection rate, – the 5.5” tubing is stable up to 80% WC for both 1595 and 2030 psia injection pressures – the 7” tubing is unstable at 80 % WC with 2030 psia injection pressure At 8 mmscf/d injection rate – 5.5” tubing is stable for at all watercuts – 7” tubing is unstable at 95 % watercut.

11. 11 of 32 Effect of Injection Rate on Stability

12. 12 of 32 2 MMscf/d Injection Rate - Case 1

13. 13 of 32 4 MMscf/d Injection Rate - Case 1

14. 14 of 32 8 MMscf/d Injection Rate - Case 1

15. 15 of 32 Effect of Injection Rate on Stability Severe Slugging  Intermittent Slugging  Steady Flow (low rate) (mid rate) (high rate) 2 MMscf/d 4 MMscf/d 8 MMscf/d

16. 16 of 32 Effect of Wellhead Pressure on Stability 4 mmscf/d injection rate 95% Watercut Steady State

17. 17 of 32 Effect of Wellhead Pressure on Stability – Case 1 Intermittent Slugging Region Surging RegionSevere Slugging Region Oscillating Region S-S Region

18. 18 of 32 Steady  Surging (Case #1) 4 mmscf/d gas rate 95% Watercut

19. 19 of 32 Intermittent  Oscillating (Case #1) 4 mmscf/d gas rate 95% Watercut

20. 20 of 32 Oscillating  Severe (Case #1) 4 mmscf/d gas rate 95% Watercut

21. 21 of 32 Effect of Wellhead Pressure on Stability – Case 1 Intermittent Slugging Region Surging RegionSevere Slugging Region Oscillating Region S-S Region SS/Surge Flow  Intermittent Slugging  Severe Slugging (lo WHP) (medium WHP) (higher ID)

22. Effect of Orifice Port Size on Stability Steady Flow  Intermittent Slugging  Severe Slugging (small ID) (medium ID) (large ID)

23. 23 of 32 Effect of Orifice Port Size – Case 1 Choked at ~2 mmscf/d 2334 stb/d 5654 stb/d 5312 stb/d 3553 stb/d

24. 24 of 32 Gas Lift Instability – Case 2 CT gas lift for a deepwater GoM well is proposed. In addition to stability issues, hydrate formation is a major concern. OLGA is used to calculate the pressure and temperature transients during the CT gas lift shut-down period and the resultant effect on fluid temperature and hydrate formation. Hydrate Cool-Down Time Time after shut-in when the first hydrate is formed anywhere in the system.

25. 25 of 32 Well Characteristics - Case 2 4“ production tubing Production Fluid –1455 scf/stb GOR –29.2 oil API –0.734 gas SG –0 ppm water salinity Gas lift –2 3 / 8 ” OD coiled-tubing gas lift at 5921 feet MD –four-port (½“ ID) bit –constant gas injection rate –0.7 gas SG

26. 26 of 32 OLGA Well Model – Case 2 Model setup –WELL module used for inflow –constant source boundaries at tubing head and casing head –Orifice ID = 1”

27. 27 of 32 Well Head Pressure - Case 2

28. 28 of 32 Gas Injection Pressure - Case 2

29. 29 of 32 Well Head Temperature - Case 2

30. 30 of 32 Cooldown Time to Hydrates - Case 2

31. 31 of 32 Conclusions Transient flow calculation is a valuable tool for gas lift design and analysis to evaluate non-steady effects –Gas Lift stability analysis Effect of injection gas rate, orifice size and wellhead pressure Needs improved valve models for unloading, multi-pointing, stability related to unload valve problems –Gas Lift flow assurance studies Cooldown to hydrate formation

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