1. The Vietnam War: Political Divisions Mr. Dodson

2. Political Divisions What role did students play in the protest movements of the 1960s? What role did students play in the protest movements of the 1960s? Why did President Johnson decide not to seek reelection? Why did President Johnson decide not to seek reelection? How did the Vietnam War affect the election of 1968? How did the Vietnam War affect the election of 1968?

3. The Vietnam War created deep divisions in the Democratic Party and in the nation as a whole. The Vietnam War created deep divisions in the Democratic Party and in the nation as a whole.

4. Student Activism Student Activism in the 1960s Generation Gap — Young Americans in the 1960s had many opportunities unknown to previous generations; many also questioned the values of their parents. These factors contributed to a wider generation gap between college-aged youths and their parents. Generation Gap — Young Americans in the 1960s had many opportunities unknown to previous generations; many also questioned the values of their parents. These factors contributed to a wider generation gap between college-aged youths and their parents. The civil rights movement became a steppingstone to other movements for change. Civil rights activists were among those who helped organize Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1960. The civil rights movement became a steppingstone to other movements for change. Civil rights activists were among those who helped organize Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1960. Students for a Democratic Society and the New Left — Organized in 1960, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) had a major impact on the New Left, a political movement that advocated radical changes to deal with problems such as poverty and racism. Students for a Democratic Society and the New Left — Organized in 1960, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) had a major impact on the New Left, a political movement that advocated radical changes to deal with problems such as poverty and racism.

5. Port Huron Statement Read the passage below to answer question 5. “We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably at the world we inherit. When we were kids the United States was the wealthiest and strongest country in the world…. As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss…. We would replace power rooted in possession, privilege, or circumstance by power and uniqueness rooted in love, reflectiveness, reason, and creativity. As a social system we seek the establishment of a democracy of individual participation.”

6. Student Activism Student Activism in the 1960s The Free Speech Movement — Student protests for free speech at the University of California at Berkeley inspired similar movements elsewhere, including challenges to social restrictions on campuses. The Free Speech Movement — Student protests for free speech at the University of California at Berkeley inspired similar movements elsewhere, including challenges to social restrictions on campuses. The Teach-in Movement — Begun at the University of Michigan in March 1965, teach-ins, or special sessions or proceedings at which professors and others aired opinions and discussion issues concerning the war, soon became a popular means of expressing antiwar sentiment. The Teach-in Movement — Begun at the University of Michigan in March 1965, teach-ins, or special sessions or proceedings at which professors and others aired opinions and discussion issues concerning the war, soon became a popular means of expressing antiwar sentiment. Continued Protests — Hundreds of demonstrations continued at colleges and universities around the country. One of the most dramatic, at Columbia University in New York City, linked the issues of civil rights and the war. Continued Protests — Hundreds of demonstrations continued at colleges and universities around the country. One of the most dramatic, at Columbia University in New York City, linked the issues of civil rights and the war.

7. Draft Resistance To increase the available fighting force, the United States invoked the Selective Service Act of 1951, drafting young men between the ages of 18 and 26 into the armed forces. To increase the available fighting force, the United States invoked the Selective Service Act of 1951, drafting young men between the ages of 18 and 26 into the armed forces. Most of those who refused to be drafted in the early 1960s were conscientious objectors, people who opposed fighting on moral or religious grounds. Most of those who refused to be drafted in the early 1960s were conscientious objectors, people who opposed fighting on moral or religious grounds.

8. Draft Resistance As the Vietnam War progressed, the draft-resistance movement grew, with many young men burning their draft cards or fleeing the country to avoid the draft. As the Vietnam War progressed, the draft-resistance movement grew, with many young men burning their draft cards or fleeing the country to avoid the draft. At first, college students could receive a deferment, or postponement of their call to serve. At first, college students could receive a deferment, or postponement of their call to serve. Deferments were eliminated in 1971 in response to complaints that they were unfair to those who could not afford college. Deferments were eliminated in 1971 in response to complaints that they were unfair to those who could not afford college.

9. Draft Registration Since the Civil War, the U.S. has used a draft in wartime to meet its military needs. During the Vietnam War, about 1.8 million men were drafted between 1964 and 1973. Because college students could receive draft deferments, a large proportion of draftees were young men from minority communities who were too poor to afford college. Reacting to complaints about the system, Congress eliminated the deferment in 1971. Another effort to make the draft more evenhanded was the lottery system instituted in 1969. This random drawing determined how likely a young man was to be called for military service. Despite these changes, opposition to the draft continued. Some young men burned their draft cards in protest. Thousands even left the country to avoid the draft. In 1973, Congress ended the draft, and the United States converted to an all-volunteer military force. Today male citizens ages 18 through 25 are required by law to register with the Selective Service System. In a national crisis, if the country needs more soldiers than an all-volunteer service can provide, the draft can be resumed. Why do you think the government requires draft registration? (Place your answer on your worksheet.)

10. The Living Room War Television played a major role in influencing public opinion. Nightly news broadcasts brought the Vietnam War into the living rooms of more than 60 million American viewers. Scenes of dying soldiers and desperate civilians led many viewers to question American involvement in Vietnam. Television played a major role in influencing public opinion. Nightly news broadcasts brought the Vietnam War into the living rooms of more than 60 million American viewers. Scenes of dying soldiers and desperate civilians led many viewers to question American involvement in Vietnam. As a result of the Tet Offensive, polls showed for the first time that a majority of Americans opposed the war. Television news coverage of Tet increased the impact that the attack had on the public. Millions watched as news anchor Walter Cronkite, known for his objectivity and trustworthiness, said in February of 1968, “It now seems more certain than ever that the bloody experience in Vietnam is to end in stalemate.” President Johnson heard Cronkite's assessment of the war and reacted with dismay. Reportedly he said, “If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.” As a result of the Tet Offensive, polls showed for the first time that a majority of Americans opposed the war. Television news coverage of Tet increased the impact that the attack had on the public. Millions watched as news anchor Walter Cronkite, known for his objectivity and trustworthiness, said in February of 1968, “It now seems more certain than ever that the bloody experience in Vietnam is to end in stalemate.” President Johnson heard Cronkite's assessment of the war and reacted with dismay. Reportedly he said, “If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.” Listen to Cronkite Listen to Cronkite Listen to Cronkite Listen to Cronkite

11. Johnson Decides Not to Run Continuing protests and an increasing number of casualties steadily decreased popular support for Johnson’s handling of the war. Continuing protests and an increasing number of casualties steadily decreased popular support for Johnson’s handling of the war. After the Tet Offensive, Johnson rarely left the White House for fear of angry protesters. After the Tet Offensive, Johnson rarely left the White House for fear of angry protesters. Two other Democratic contenders, antiwar candidate Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy, brother of John Kennedy and a senator from New York, campaigned against Johnson for the party’s nomination. Two other Democratic contenders, antiwar candidate Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy, brother of John Kennedy and a senator from New York, campaigned against Johnson for the party’s nomination.

12. Johnson Decides Not to Run On March 31, 1968, Johnson announced in a nationally televised speech that he would not seek another term as President. On March 31, 1968, Johnson announced in a nationally televised speech that he would not seek another term as President. “I do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan causes or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office—the presidency of your country. Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term.” — Lyndon Johnson — Lyndon Johnson

13. The Election of 1968 The Democratic Convention At the time of the Democratic Convention in Chicago, Eugene McCarthy was thought too far out of the mainstream, and Robert Kennedy had been assassinated. At the time of the Democratic Convention in Chicago, Eugene McCarthy was thought too far out of the mainstream, and Robert Kennedy had been assassinated. During the convention, police attacked protesters, with much of the violence taking place in front of television cameras. During the convention, police attacked protesters, with much of the violence taking place in front of television cameras. Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic nomination, but the party had been further torn apart by the convention’s events. Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic nomination, but the party had been further torn apart by the convention’s events.

14. “Slam! Like a fist jolting, like a piston exploding from its chamber, comes a hurtling column of police … into the intersection, and all things happen too fast: first the charge as the police wedge cleaves through the mob; then screams, whistles, confusion…. And as the scene clears, there are little knots in the open clearing—police clubbing youngsters, police dragging youngsters, police rushing them by the elbows, their heels dragging, to patrol wagons….” — Theodore H. White — Theodore H. White

15. The Election of 1968 The Democratic Convention At the time of the Democratic Convention in Chicago, Eugene McCarthy was thought too far out of the mainstream, and Robert Kennedy had been assassinated. At the time of the Democratic Convention in Chicago, Eugene McCarthy was thought too far out of the mainstream, and Robert Kennedy had been assassinated. During the convention, police attacked protesters, with much of the violence taking place in front of television cameras. During the convention, police attacked protesters, with much of the violence taking place in front of television cameras. Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic nomination, but the party had been further torn apart by the convention’s events. Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic nomination, but the party had been further torn apart by the convention’s events.

16. The Election of 1968 The Nation Chooses Nixon Richard M. Nixon received the Republican Party’s nomination for President. Richard M. Nixon received the Republican Party’s nomination for President. Nixon soon took the lead in national polls, allowing his running mate Spiro Agnew to make harsh accusations, while Nixon stayed “above the fray.” Nixon soon took the lead in national polls, allowing his running mate Spiro Agnew to make harsh accusations, while Nixon stayed “above the fray.” Independent candidate George C. Wallace drew many votes. Additionally, many disillusioned Democrats did not vote. Independent candidate George C. Wallace drew many votes. Additionally, many disillusioned Democrats did not vote. In a close race, Nixon won the presidency in the 1968 election. In a close race, Nixon won the presidency in the 1968 election.

17. Other Factors in the 1968 Election The 1960s was an unsettling period for mainstream Americans, a group sometimes referred to as Middle America. Many turned to the Republican Party for stability, voting for Republican candidates such as Nixon. The 1960s was an unsettling period for mainstream Americans, a group sometimes referred to as Middle America. Many turned to the Republican Party for stability, voting for Republican candidates such as Nixon. Many Americans were disillusioned by Johnson’s handling of the Vietnam War. Although Johnson stopped the bombing of North Vietnam before the election, Hubert Humphrey’s candidacy was hurt by his defense of the President’s Vietnam policies. Many Americans were disillusioned by Johnson’s handling of the Vietnam War. Although Johnson stopped the bombing of North Vietnam before the election, Hubert Humphrey’s candidacy was hurt by his defense of the President’s Vietnam policies. Why do you think Americans picked Nixon? Why do you think Americans picked Nixon? (Place your answer on your worksheet.)

18. Political Divisions—Assessment Why were deferments for college students eliminated in 1971? (A)A larger fighting force was needed. (B)They were viewed as unfair to those who could not afford college. (C)College students were more likely to burn their draft cards. (D)They were driving young men out of the country. Which of these best describe Middle America? (A)Students who protested campus social restrictions (B)Democrats who supported Hubert Humphrey (C)Mainstream Americans (D)Young men drafted into the war

19. Political Divisions—Assessment Why were deferments for college students eliminated in 1971? (A)A larger fighting force was needed. (B)They were viewed as unfair to those who could not afford college. (C)College students were more likely to burn their draft cards. (D)They were driving young men out of the country. Which of these best describe Middle America? (A)Students who protested campus social restrictions (B)Democrats who supported Hubert Humphrey (C)Mainstream Americans (D)Young men drafted into the war